December boasts a unique distinction among the months – not one, but three recognized birthstones: Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise. February, in contrast, is traditionally represented by the amethyst, though it shares its designation with bloodstone in some traditions. This article will explore the history, gemological properties, and symbolism of these gemstones, drawing exclusively from available sources to provide a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and students of gemology.
A Historical Overview of Birthstone Designation
The concept of associating specific gemstones with each month has evolved over time. Initially, the selection of birthstones was often linked to religious or astrological beliefs. The modern birthstone list, as it is largely recognized today, was formalized in 1912 by the Jewelers of America Association (now Jewelers of America). This standardization provided a consistent framework for identifying gemstones associated with each month, though alternative stones continue to be recognized and utilized. The American Gem Society further expands upon this list, offering options like citrine for November and Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Zircon for December. Prior to the 18th century, amethyst rivaled diamonds, emeralds, and rubies in value, demonstrating a shift in gemstone preference and availability over time. Garnets, similarly, have a long history, being worn by warriors and utilized in jewelry as early as the late 18th century.
December’s Birthstones: Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise
December’s selection of birthstones – Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise – share a commonality in their predominantly blue hues, though each possesses distinct origins and characteristics. Tanzanite is the newest addition to the birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Its demand has consistently exceeded supply, making it a particularly sought-after gem. It is a variety of zoisite, belonging to the epidote group, and exhibits colors ranging from blue and purple to green, with deep blue displaying a purple shimmer being the most prized. Turquoise, on the other hand, is a more traditional choice, believed to bring good fortune and protection. Zircon, available in a range of colors, is celebrated for its brilliance and is thought to bring wisdom and prosperity.
February’s Amethyst: A Gem of Royalty and Protection
Amethyst, the birthstone for February, derives its deep purple color from a combination of iron and other metals within its crystal structure, coupled with natural radiation. Historically, this hue has been associated with royalty and wine, and the stone was believed to protect against intoxication. The name itself is derived from the Greek word "amethystos," meaning "non-intoxicated."
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Analysis
While a detailed gemological profile for each stone is limited by the provided sources, some key properties can be outlined.
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs Scale) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tanzanite | Variety of Zoisite | Blue, Purple, Green | Not specified |
| Zircon | Not specified | Range of colors | Not specified |
| Turquoise | Not specified | Blue-Green | Not specified |
| Amethyst | Iron-bearing Quartz | Deep Purple | Not specified |
The sources do not provide specific hardness values for Tanzanite, Zircon, or Turquoise. However, they do note that diamonds are exceptionally hard, only cut by other diamonds, and are rated on the 4 Cs: color, clarity, cut, and carat weight. Garnet colors range from deep red (pyrope) to green (tsavorites). Aquamarine, the March birthstone, is a pale blue or blue-green beryl.
Mining Locations and Sources
Garnet stones have been found in Africa, India, and Sri Lanka. Tanzanite is exclusively sourced from Tanzania, reflecting its relatively recent discovery and limited geographical origin. Turquoise’s origins are not specified in the provided sources. Diamonds were originally found in riverbeds but are now mined, with the late 1860s marking a shift towards mining operations. Aquamarine is sourced from locations like the Santa Maria mine in Brazil.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of these gemstones carries symbolic weight. Turquoise is believed to bring good fortune and protection. Tanzanite symbolizes transformation and spiritual growth. Zircon is thought to bring wisdom and prosperity. Amethyst, historically, was believed to protect against intoxication and is associated with royalty. Garnets were worn by warriors, suggesting a connection to courage and strength. Aquamarine was believed to protect sailors, linking it to safe voyages.
Synthetic vs. Mined Gemstones
The sources highlight the increasing prevalence of synthetic gemstones in the market. Synthetic gems are created in a laboratory and share virtually all chemical, optical, and physical characteristics with their natural counterparts. The primary difference lies in their origin and price. Genuine, mined gemstones, formed over millions of years within the earth, are unique and often more appealing to collectors. It is crucial to understand that a laboratory-grown gemstone must have a genuine counterpart and match its chemical and physical properties to be classified as synthetic.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care instructions for these gemstones. However, given the varying hardness levels (though not specified in the sources), it is reasonable to assume that softer stones like Turquoise would require more careful handling and cleaning than harder stones like diamond.
Conclusion
The birthstones associated with February and December – Amethyst, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise – represent a diverse range of geological origins, historical significance, and symbolic meanings. While the modern birthstone list provides a standardized framework, the selection of a birthstone remains a personal choice, influenced by individual preferences and beliefs. The increasing availability of synthetic gemstones offers an affordable alternative to mined stones, while the enduring appeal of natural gems lies in their unique formation and inherent beauty. The provided sources offer a glimpse into the fascinating world of birthstones, highlighting their enduring cultural and gemological importance.