Birthstones are deeply personal gifts, imbued with mythical, astrological, and even purported healing powers. These gemstones, frequently incorporated into jewelry such as necklaces, pendants, and rings, have a rich history stretching back millennia. Each stone is traditionally associated with a specific month, though the precise list has evolved over time, resulting in ancient, traditional, and modern designations. The practice of linking gemstones to specific times of the year originated with the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus, which featured twelve stones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. This association was further developed in the first century A.D. by the Jewish historian Josephus, who connected the stones to the twelve zodiac signs. However, the widespread association of birthstones with birth months didn’t fully solidify until the 18th century, and the standardized lists we recognize today were largely established in the 20th century.
History and Lore
The origins of birthstone lore are rooted in ancient religious texts and historical traditions. The twelve stones adorning the Breastplate of Aaron served as a foundational link between gemstones and specific groups of people. Over time, this connection broadened to encompass the entire year, with each month claiming a corresponding stone. The standardization of these associations is a relatively recent development. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers created a modern list of birthstones, a list that has remained largely unchanged since. This list was further refined in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and more recently, in 2016, with the addition of spinel as a birthstone for August by the American Gem Trade Association and the National Association of Jewelers.
The evolution of birthstone lists demonstrates a dynamic interplay between cultural beliefs, historical interpretations, and commercial interests. While the ancient lists often featured different stones for the same month, the modern list provides a consistent framework for understanding and appreciating these gems. The enduring appeal of birthstones lies in their ability to connect individuals to a larger narrative of history, symbolism, and personal significance.
Monthly Birthstones: A Detailed Overview
The following chart details the modern and traditional birthstones for each month, as established by various organizations within the jewelry industry.
| Month | Modern List | Traditional List |
|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Aquamarine | Bloodstone |
| April | Diamond | Diamond |
| May | Emerald | Emerald |
| June | Alexandrite | Pearl |
| July | Ruby | Ruby |
| August | Peridot/Spinel | Sardonyx |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| October | Tourmaline | Opal |
| November | Golden Topaz/Citrine | Topaz |
| December | Blue Zircon/Tanzanite | Turquoise/Lapis Lazuli |
January: Garnet
Garnet, the birthstone for January, is known for its rich color and brilliance. It is available in a wide spectrum of hues, including red, orange, brown, yellow, green, and blue. Primary sources of garnet production include Sri Lanka and Australia.
February: Amethyst
Amethyst, the birthstone for February, shares its designation with the traditional list.
March: Aquamarine
Aquamarine is the modern birthstone for March, while bloodstone represents the traditional choice.
April: Diamond
Diamond, a symbol of enduring love and strength, remains consistent as both the modern and traditional birthstone for April.
May: Emerald
Emerald, with its vibrant green hue, is the birthstone for May on both the modern and traditional lists.
June: Alexandrite & Pearl
June boasts two birthstones: Alexandrite on the modern list and Pearl on the traditional list.
July: Ruby
Ruby, known for its intense red color, is the birthstone for July on both lists.
August: Peridot & Spinel
August has two birthstones: Peridot and Spinel on the modern list, and Sardonyx on the traditional list. Spinel was added as a modern option in 2016.
September: Sapphire
Sapphire, renowned for its deep blue color, is the birthstone for September on both lists.
October: Tourmaline & Opal
October offers two birthstones: Tourmaline on the modern list and Opal on the traditional list. Pink tourmaline was added as a modern option in 1952.
November: Golden Topaz & Citrine
November is represented by Golden Topaz and Citrine on the modern list, while Topaz is the traditional choice.
December: Blue Zircon & Tanzanite
December has three birthstones: Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Tanzanite on the modern list, and Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli on the traditional list. Tanzanite was added as a modern option in 2002, largely due to a marketing campaign by Tiffany & Co., who recognized its international appeal after its discovery in Tanzania.
Gemological Properties and Sources
While a comprehensive gemological analysis requires data beyond the provided sources, some properties are noted. Zircon, sometimes used for December, has a hardness of 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale and is often heat-treated to enhance its color. Tanzanite, also for December, is known for its high clarity and vivid colors and is mined exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. It also possesses a hardness of 6 to 7. Garnet is widely known for its brilliance and comes in many colors.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Birthstones are believed to shower those born in their corresponding month with exceeding fortunes and strengthened fortitude. Each stone is thought to possess unique properties and meanings, making them treasured gifts and sentimental pieces of jewelry. The origins of these beliefs trace back to Biblical references and ancient traditions, where gemstones were associated with specific powers and attributes.
Care and Cleaning
The durability and care requirements of birthstones vary depending on their hardness and chemical composition. Zircon, with a hardness of 6 to 7.5, requires careful handling to avoid scratches. Tanzanite, also with a hardness of 6 to 7, is best suited for earrings or pendants due to its relative fragility. General cleaning can be done with mild soap and warm water, but professional cleaning is recommended for more valuable or delicate pieces.
Conclusion
Birthstones represent a fascinating intersection of history, geology, and cultural belief. From their origins in ancient religious texts to their modern standardization by the jewelry industry, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, symbolic meaning, or personal connection, birthstones remain a cherished tradition, offering a unique and meaningful way to celebrate life’s milestones. The evolution of birthstone lists, with additions like spinel and tanzanite, demonstrates the ongoing relevance and adaptability of this enduring practice.