Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its distinctive olive-green hue, holds a prominent place as a modern birthstone for August. Often referred to as the “evening emerald,” this semi-precious stone boasts a history steeped in lore and a geological origin as fascinating as its appearance. While August also recognizes spinel and sardonyx as birthstones, peridot remains the most widely recognized and popular choice, prized for its unique sparkle and association with prosperity and good health. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this captivating gem.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is marked by frequent misidentification with other gemstones, particularly emeralds and topazes. The Red Sea island of Topazios, historically believed to be the source of topaz, was in fact a significant source of peridot. This historical confusion contributed to the gem’s early reputation as a luxurious and valuable stone. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection was, in reality, largely composed of peridots.
Throughout much of recorded history, peridot has been mistaken for emeralds due to its vibrant green color. Ancient Romans called it the “evening emerald” because of its ability to maintain its sparkle even in low light conditions, a characteristic that distinguished it from other gems. Egyptians revered peridot as the “gem of the sun,” believing it possessed protective powers.
Remarkably, peridot has been discovered in pallasite meteorites, some estimated to be 4 to 5 billion years old, dating back to the origins of our solar system. In 2005, peridot was even found within comet dust retrieved by the Stardust robotic space probe, further cementing its otherworldly origins. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is adorned with approximately 200 carats of gems long believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. This demonstrates the gem’s historical significance and its use in religious and royal artifacts. It is also the traditional gift for a 15th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. The presence of iron within the olivine structure is responsible for peridot’s characteristic green color, with varying iron content resulting in shades ranging from yellowish-green to olive and brownish-green. The most desirable peridot exhibits a pure grass-green hue.
The formation of peridot is linked to extreme geological conditions. It is found in hardened lava flows, brought to the surface from the Earth’s upper mantle, and, as previously mentioned, in meteorites. While peridot from meteorites is often too small for jewelry use, larger, gem-quality stones are sourced from volcanic activity.
Sardonyx comes from India, but can also be found in Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany. While the sources of peridot are not extensively detailed in the provided materials, it is understood to originate from locations with significant volcanic activity.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a semi-precious gemstone with distinct gemological properties. It is a member of the olivine mineral group, known for its olive-green color. The gem typically exhibits a crystal-like appearance.
A notable characteristic of peridot is its extremely high double refraction. When viewed closely through the gemstone, two of each pavilion facet can be observed. This optical property contributes to its unique brilliance and sparkle. Unlike some gemstones, peridot’s color remains consistent under various lighting conditions, a rare quality that adds to its appeal.
While most fine peridot is “eye clean” – meaning inclusions are not visible to the naked eye – tiny black spots may be visible under magnification. These inclusions do not necessarily detract from the gem’s beauty but are a natural characteristic of the stone.
A table summarizing key gemological properties, based on the provided sources, is as follows:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 |
| Color | Yellowish-green to olive, brownish-green |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Refraction | High double refraction |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient Egyptians believed it possessed protective powers, while modern beliefs suggest it brings peace, harmony, and good health to those born in August. It is also thought to increase prosperity, growth, and openness, and to strengthen life.
For those born under the astrological signs Leo, Libra, and Gemini, peridot is considered particularly beneficial. Giving peridot jewelry as a birthday gift is believed to symbolize strength, positive energy, and protection.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for peridot. However, given its composition and properties, general gemstone care guidelines would apply. Peridot, being a relatively softer gemstone, should be protected from harsh impacts and abrasive materials. Cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these may damage the stone.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating “evening emerald,” stands as a vibrant and historically significant birthstone for August. Its unique geological origins, ranging from volcanic lava to meteorites, combined with its distinctive green hue and optical properties, make it a truly remarkable gem. From ancient civilizations to modern jewelry, peridot has held a place of reverence and beauty, symbolizing prosperity, protection, and good health. Its enduring appeal ensures its continued popularity among gemstone enthusiasts and those seeking a meaningful and beautiful connection to their birth month.