December boasts a remarkable selection of birthstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. While blue hues dominate these gems, each possesses a unique history, geological origin, and symbolic meaning, offering December-born individuals a diverse range of choices. From ancient protective powers to modern elegance, these gemstones have captivated cultures for millennia. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these December birthstones, exploring their properties, lore, and significance.
History and Lore
The history of December birthstones is one of evolution. For centuries, ruby and bloodstone were associated with the month, a tradition that continued until the 20th century. However, the early 20th century saw a shift, with lapis lazuli and turquoise gaining recognition in the United States in 1912. More recently, England officially recognized turquoise and tanzanite as December gems in 2013. Today, the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America acknowledge turquoise, blue zircon, and tanzanite as the official stones for December.
Turquoise holds the longest and most storied past of the three. Its use dates back thousands of years, with evidence of its adornment of pharaohs and rulers in ancient Egypt. Chinese artisans were carving turquoise over 3,000 years ago. Throughout history, turquoise was believed to offer protection and good fortune. From the 13th century onward, it was thought to safeguard wearers from falls, even breaking into pieces to warn of impending disaster. In Hindu traditions, viewing turquoise after a new moon was believed to bring immense wealth.
Zircon’s history is equally intriguing, with its name potentially originating from either the Arabic word “zarkun” (meaning cinnabar or vermilion) or the Persian word “zargun” (meaning gold colored). This etymological ambiguity reflects the gem’s diverse color range. During the Middle Ages, zircon was believed to induce sleep and ward off evil spirits. Within the Hindu religion, it is one of the nine gems of the navaratna, believed to bestow wealth, wisdom, and good health when worn alongside the other eight. Victorian-era jewelry frequently featured blue zircon, particularly in estate pieces from the 1880s.
Tanzanite, the newest addition to the December birthstone family, lacks the extensive historical background of turquoise and zircon. Its discovery is relatively recent, and its lore is still developing. However, its captivating color and rarity have quickly established it as a highly sought-after gemstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, often characterized by veins of matrix – remnants of the rock in which it formed. Its formation occurs in arid regions, typically in the vicinity of copper deposits.
Zircon is found in a rainbow of colors and originates from various geological environments. The name “zircon” itself has debated origins, potentially stemming from Arabic or Persian words relating to its golden hues.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is found in a very limited geographical area: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This singular source contributes to its rarity and value.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties. Turquoise ranges in color from blue to green and measures between 5-6 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. This softness requires careful handling to maintain its beauty. Notably, turquoise is unique in that a color is actually named after it. The Nepalese and Tibetan people refer to turquoise as the “sky stone.” It is also known to change color if exposed to bright light for extended periods.
Zircon exhibits a broad spectrum of colors, including red, orange, yellow, brown, green, and blue. Yellow, red, and orange varieties are known as hyacinth. Colorless zircon is prized for its brilliance and “fire,” often mistaken for diamond.
Tanzanite displays a captivating range of blue to bluish-purple hues. It is cleaned best with warm, soapy water, avoiding ultrasonic or steam cleaners.
Here's a table summarizing the hardness of these gemstones compared to common materials:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness | Comparison |
|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | 5-6 | Easily scratched by glass or steel file |
| Zircon | 6.5-7.5 | Scratches glass, but can be scratched by some harder materials |
| Tanzanite | 6-7 | Scratches glass, but requires careful handling |
| Diamond | 10 | Hardest known natural material |
| Glass | 5.5 | Common reference point |
| Steel File | 6.5 | Common reference point |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise, beyond its protective qualities, was believed to guarantee health and good fortune.
Zircon, in Hindu tradition, is part of the navaratna, a collection of nine gems believed to offer holistic well-being. Its association with sleep and warding off evil spirits further highlights its perceived protective powers.
While tanzanite’s metaphysical properties are less established due to its recent discovery, it is often associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual growth.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, requires gentle handling and should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning turquoise involves warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Zircon and tanzanite, while harder than turquoise, still require careful cleaning. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are recommended for both. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided for tanzanite. It is advisable to remove all three gemstones from jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or exposing them to harsh conditions. Periodic professional cleaning and stone tightening are also recommended.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient protective powers attributed to turquoise and zircon to the modern allure of tanzanite, these gems offer a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year. Their unique geological origins and gemological properties further enhance their appeal, making them cherished possessions for generations to come. Whether seeking a connection to ancient lore or a stunning piece of jewelry, the December birthstones provide a wealth of choices for every taste and preference.