Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its vibrant green hues, holds a prominent place in the world of birthstones, specifically as the recognized gem for August. Historically known as chrysolite, and sometimes still referred to by that name, this gem boasts a rich history, fascinating geological origins, and a symbolism steeped in ancient lore. While often compared to the emerald, peridot possesses a unique character and a captivating glow that has captivated civilizations for millennia. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of peridot stretches back to ancient times, with evidence of its use dating as far back as 2000 BC. Ancient Egyptian jewelers prized the stone, sourcing it from a small volcanic island in the Red Sea – a source that was lost for centuries before being rediscovered in 1900, and subsequently exhausted. Revered as the “stone of the sun,” peridot was believed to possess potent healing powers and was a favorite gem of Cleopatra.
The Romans, too, held peridot in high esteem. They appreciated its unique ability to maintain its vibrant green color even under artificial light, a characteristic that led them to affectionately nickname it the “emerald of the evening.” This distinction highlights the gem’s visual appeal and its ability to mimic the coveted emerald, often leading to its use in royal jewels in place of the more expensive stone.
The names peridot and chrysolite themselves originate from ancient Greek. “Peridona” translates to “to radiate wealth,” while chrysolite means “golden stone,” reflecting the gem’s perceived value and aesthetic qualities. The term olivine, the mineral from which peridot derives, further anchors the stone in geological terminology.
During the 19th century, the name chrysolite was used more broadly, encompassing not only peridot but also yellow-green chrysoberyl and prehnite. However, modern gemological nomenclature has clarified these distinctions, recognizing each as a distinct gem species.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed within the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It crystallizes from the mineral olivine, a common component of mantle rocks. The gem’s green color is a direct result of the presence of iron within its chemical composition, with the intensity of the hue directly correlating to the amount of iron present.
While the original source in the Red Sea has been depleted, peridot is now found in various locations around the world. Sources are not explicitly detailed in the provided materials beyond the historical Egyptian location.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is unique among gemstones in that it typically occurs in only one color: green. This green can range from yellowish to brownish shades, but it is consistently green. The gem’s brilliance and clarity contribute to its appeal.
The provided sources do not offer detailed gemological properties such as refractive index, specific gravity, or crystal structure. However, they do establish that peridot is closely related to the mineral olivine.
It is important to note the historical confusion between peridot and chrysoberyl. During the Victorian and Edwardian eras, yellow-green chrysoberyl was also referred to as “chrysolite,” leading to potential misidentification. Modern gemology clearly distinguishes between the two.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with various symbolic meanings. In ancient Egypt, it symbolized wealth and was believed to ward off evil spirits. The Romans associated it with protection and healing.
As an August birthstone, peridot is said to represent abundance, protection, and positivity. It is also listed as an alternative birthstone for Libra (September 23 - October 23), offering another avenue for connection based on astrological signs.
Additionally, peridot is linked to guardian angels, specifically Gabriel, for those born in January. This association further underscores the gem’s perceived protective qualities and spiritual significance.
Alternative Birthstones and Historical Context
The concept of birthstones has evolved over time. Originally, birthstones were often linked to the apostles, birth hour, birth day of the week, or seasons of the year. Garnet, for example, has remained the birthstone for January since at least the 15th century.
The provided sources highlight the fluidity of birthstone assignments throughout history, with various gems being associated with specific months at different times. This historical context demonstrates that the modern birthstone list is a relatively recent standardization.
Distinguishing Peridot from Similar Gems
Peridot is sometimes mistaken for emeralds due to their similar green coloration. However, peridot’s green remains consistent under various lighting conditions, while emeralds can appear different depending on the light source.
Another potential source of confusion lies with spinel. Spinel can occur in similar colors to ruby and sapphire, and is sometimes mistaken for these more valuable gems. However, spinel is a distinct mineral species with a different crystal structure and is generally more affordable.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources offer limited information on the care and cleaning of peridot. However, given its composition and relative hardness, it is advisable to clean peridot jewelry with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these could potentially damage the stone.
Conclusion
Peridot, the “emerald of the evening” and “stone of radiance,” stands as a testament to the enduring allure of green gemstones. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern status as the August birthstone, peridot has captivated cultures with its vibrant color, historical significance, and symbolic meaning. While often compared to the emerald, peridot possesses a unique charm and a captivating glow that sets it apart. Its association with wealth, protection, and positivity continues to resonate with those who cherish this remarkable gem.