December is unique among the months, boasting not one, but three recognized birthstones: Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise. Each gem carries its own distinct history, geological origins, and attributed meanings, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in the final month of the year. This article will explore the characteristics, origins, and symbolism of these December birthstones, drawing upon available information regarding their historical use and cultural significance.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with birth months dates back to Biblical times, though the current list of stones solidified around 1912. Prior to this standardization, various cultures assigned different stones to each month, reflecting regional availability and evolving beliefs. The selection of Tanzanite and Zircon as December birthstones is relatively recent, reflecting 20th and 21st-century discoveries and marketing efforts. Turquoise, however, has a much longer history of use, dating back millennia.
The practice of assigning flowers alongside birthstones also has ancient roots, originating with the Romans. Both birthstones and birth flowers serve as meaningful gifts, marking occasions from birthdays to more solemn events. The December birth flowers, narcissus and holly, complement the gemstones with their own symbolism of staying true to oneself and domestic happiness, respectively.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite is particularly notable for its limited geographical origin. It is found only in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, hence its name. The gem is a relatively recent discovery, and its unique violet-blue hue has quickly made it a popular choice among gemstone enthusiasts.
Zircon, in contrast, is found in a variety of locations globally. While clear zircon is often used as a diamond alternative, the gem is available in a range of colors, including blue, yellow, orange, brown, and red. The name “zircon” originates from the Arabic words “zar” and “gun,” meaning gold and color.
Turquoise, one of the oldest known gems, has been mined for thousands of years. Its sources are diverse, but significant deposits are found in Iran, Egypt, and the southwestern United States. The gem’s color varies depending on its mineral composition, ranging through various shades of blue.
Gemological Properties
The three December birthstones exhibit distinct gemological properties. Tanzanite is a brilliant violet-blue gem, prized for its trichroism – the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles.
Zircon boasts a high refractive index and strong dispersion, giving it a fiery brilliance. It is a durable gemstone, though its cleavage can make it susceptible to damage if not handled carefully. Clear zircon is often used as a diamond simulant due to its similar appearance.
Turquoise is an opaque gemstone, its color ranging from sky blue to greenish-blue. Its composition includes copper, which gives it its characteristic color. The presence of other minerals can create variations in color and pattern, making each turquoise stone unique.
Here's a table summarizing key properties:
| Gemstone | Color(s) | Origin | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tanzanite | Violet-blue | Tanzania | Trichroism, limited source |
| Zircon | Blue, Yellow, Orange, Brown, Red, Clear | Global | High refractive index, dispersion |
| Turquoise | Sky Blue to Greenish-Blue | Iran, Egypt, USA | Opaque, copper-rich composition |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the December birthstones is associated with specific meanings and beliefs. Tanzanite is believed to represent transformation and new beginnings. Zircon is thought to ensure a warm welcome and induce tranquil sleep. It is also associated with prosperity and wisdom. Turquoise has a long history of being considered a protective stone, believed to safeguard the wearer from harm. It is also associated with good fortune and strength.
The meanings attributed to these stones vary across cultures and eras. The vivid red of ruby, the July birthstone, is believed to protect health and bring wisdom, wealth, and success in love. Similarly, the deep green of the emerald, the May birthstone, symbolizes love, success, foresight, good fortune, and youth. The daisy, the April birthstone, symbolizes innocence, purity, and love that conquers all. These symbolic associations add depth and meaning to the gemstones beyond their aesthetic appeal.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Tanzanite, while durable, is susceptible to damage from heat and harsh chemicals. Cleaning should be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Zircon, with its potential for cleavage, should also be handled with care and cleaned gently. Turquoise is a relatively soft stone and can be damaged by abrasives or harsh chemicals. It is best cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners for all three stones.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise – represent a fascinating blend of geological rarity, historical significance, and cultural symbolism. From the uniquely sourced Tanzanite to the ancient origins of Turquoise and the fiery brilliance of Zircon, these gems offer a diverse and meaningful selection for those born in the final month of the year. Their enduring appeal lies not only in their beauty but also in the rich tapestry of lore and belief that surrounds them.