December is a unique month in the world of gemstones, as it is the only month with more than three official birthstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. This diversity offers December-born individuals a rich selection of gemstones to choose from, each with its own distinct characteristics, history, and symbolism. For those born on December 3rd, the birthstone options are no less compelling, as they inherit the same trio of December birthstones. This article delves into the geological properties, historical background, cultural significance, and practical care of these three gemstones, providing a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to months of the year is ancient, with its roots tracing back to biblical times. One of the earliest references appears in the Book of Exodus (19:1-24:25), which describes the twelve stones in the breastplate of the High Priest of Israel. This tradition evolved over centuries, with each culture adding its own interpretations and meanings to the stones. In the modern era, the list of birthstones was standardized by the American National Association of Jewelers in 1912, with subsequent additions made in the 20th century to include more affordable alternatives.
For December, the first two official birthstones—turquoise and zircon—were recognized for their beauty and availability. In 2002, tanzanite was added to the list, bringing the total to three. This addition was driven by the desire to offer more options and to reflect the diverse preferences of modern consumers.
The December 3rd birthstone, like the others in the month, is represented by tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. Each of these stones carries its own rich history. Turquoise, for instance, has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and ornamentation, with evidence of its use found in ancient Egypt, Persia, and the American Southwest. Zircon, though less well-known, has a long and storied past, with some specimens dating back to the formation of the Earth itself. Tanzanite, by contrast, is a relatively modern discovery, first identified in 1967 in Tanzania.
The inclusion of these gemstones in the birthstone list for December 3rd reflects their symbolic significance as well as their physical attributes. Each stone is associated with qualities that resonate with the personality and aspirations of December-born individuals, making them not just beautiful adornments but also meaningful symbols.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of the December 3rd birthstones provides insight into their rarity, color, and durability. Each gemstone is formed through distinct natural processes and is found in specific locations around the world.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral composed of copper and aluminum, with the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. It is formed through a complex process that involves the interaction of water, copper, and aluminum. Specifically, it forms in arid environments where rainwater or melting snow percolates through copper ore deposits, creating an acidic solution. This solution, rich in copper, reacts with aluminum and potassium in the surrounding rock, leading to the precipitation of turquoise in cavities.
The primary sources of turquoise include countries with arid climates, such as the United States (particularly Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico), Iran, China, and Egypt. The color of turquoise varies from a deep blue to a greenish-blue, depending on the presence of impurities such as iron and aluminum. The distinctive veining patterns that often appear in turquoise are a result of the mineral's formation process and the presence of other minerals within the rock.
Turquoise is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. This means that it is susceptible to scratches and can be easily damaged if not handled properly. Its porous nature also makes it prone to discoloration from oils, pigments, and exposure to dry environments.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral, with the chemical formula ZrSiO4. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back to over 4.4 billion years. This makes zircon not only a beautiful gemstone but also a valuable tool for geologists studying the Earth's early history.
Zircon forms in a variety of geological environments, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. It is particularly common in granite and other igneous rocks, where it crystallizes as the magma cools. Zircon can also be found in alluvial deposits, where it has been eroded from its original source and transported by water.
Zircon is known for its wide range of colors, which includes red, orange, yellow, green, blue, brown, and colorless. The blue zircon, often referred to as "starlight blue zircon," is one of the most popular varieties and is frequently used in jewelry. This coloration is the result of heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure and enhances the blue tones.
The primary sources of zircon include Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, India, and parts of the United States. Zircon is relatively hard, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than turquoise but less so than tanzanite.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively rare gemstone that was first discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH). What makes tanzanite unique is its trichroism, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, violet, and brown—depending on the angle at which it is viewed. However, through heat treatment, the brown color is removed, resulting in the deep blue and violet hues that are most commonly seen in tanzanite jewelry.
The formation of tanzanite is closely tied to the geological history of Tanzania. The Merelani Hills are part of a metamorphic rock formation that was subjected to high-pressure and high-temperature conditions during the collision of the African and Indian tectonic plates. These conditions allowed for the development of the unique coloration in the zoisite crystals.
Tanzanite is only found in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. Its exclusivity and striking color have contributed to its popularity in the jewelry market. Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage from improper handling.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December 3rd birthstones has distinct gemological properties that influence their appearance, durability, and suitability for jewelry. These properties include color, clarity, hardness, and refractive index.
Color
- Turquoise: Turquoise is known for its range of blue and greenish-blue colors. The intensity of the color can vary depending on the concentration of copper and iron impurities. The most valuable turquoise tends to have a deep blue color with minimal green undertones.
- Zircon: Zircon exhibits a wide spectrum of colors, from colorless to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and brown. The blue zircon, in particular, is highly prized for its vibrant hue. The color of zircon can also be enhanced through heat treatment.
- Tanzanite: Tanzanite is famous for its deep blue and violet colors. The gemstone is trichroic, meaning it can display three different colors depending on the viewing angle. However, through heat treatment, the brown color is removed, resulting in the more desirable blue and violet hues.
Clarity
- Turquoise: Turquoise is typically opaque and can have a porous structure, which makes it susceptible to discoloration and damage. It often contains veins or patterns caused by the presence of other minerals.
- Zircon: Zircon can range from transparent to translucent, depending on the variety. The blue zircon used in jewelry is usually transparent and has good clarity.
- Tanzanite: Tanzanite is generally transparent to translucent and can have inclusions that are visible to the naked eye. These inclusions are often considered part of the gemstone's character and are not typically removed during cutting.
Hardness
- Turquoise: Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft. This means that it can be easily scratched or damaged if not handled properly.
- Zircon: Zircon has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than turquoise. However, it can still be scratched by harder materials.
- Tanzanite: Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage.
Refractive Index
- Turquoise: Turquoise has a refractive index of 1.61 to 1.65. Its opacity and porosity mean that it does not exhibit the same level of brilliance as transparent gemstones.
- Zircon: Zircon has a high refractive index of 1.92 to 2.01, which gives it a brilliant, glassy luster. This makes it an excellent gemstone for jewelry, as it can rival the sparkle of diamonds.
- Tanzanite: Tanzanite has a refractive index of 1.69 to 1.70, which contributes to its deep, saturated color and excellent brilliance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December 3rd birthstones—tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon—have been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties throughout history. These beliefs, rooted in ancient traditions and cultural practices, add another layer of significance to these gemstones.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been regarded as a protective stone. In ancient Egypt, it was used in amulets and jewelry to ward off evil and bring good fortune. Native American tribes, particularly those in the Southwest, also valued turquoise for its protective qualities. They believed that it could shield the wearer from harm and promote spiritual clarity.
In addition to its protective properties, turquoise is associated with communication, self-expression, and emotional balance. It is believed to help the wearer overcome fears and inhibitions, allowing for more open and honest communication. This makes it a popular stone for those seeking to improve their relationships and personal expression.
Zircon
Zircon has a rich history of being used for its supposed healing and metaphysical properties. In the Middle Ages, zircon was believed to promote restful sleep and ward off evil spirits. It was also thought to bring prosperity and success to those who wore it.
Modern metaphysical beliefs associate zircon with mental clarity, confidence, and inner strength. Blue zircon, in particular, is thought to enhance intuition and promote a sense of calm and balance. It is also believed to help the wearer overcome anxiety and negative thoughts, making it a valuable stone for personal growth and self-improvement.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often regarded as a stone of transformation and spiritual growth. It is believed to enhance intuition and promote a deeper understanding of oneself and the world. Tanzanite is also associated with emotional healing and the ability to let go of past traumas.
In addition to its emotional and spiritual benefits, tanzanite is thought to enhance creativity and imagination. It is often used by artists, writers, and other creative individuals to stimulate their inspiration and unlock new ideas. Tanzanite is also considered a stone of success, making it a popular choice for those seeking to achieve their goals and aspirations.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of the December 3rd birthstones. Each gemstone has specific requirements based on its physical properties and vulnerabilities.
Turquoise
Due to its softness and porous nature, turquoise requires gentle handling and cleaning. It should be avoided in environments with harsh chemicals, as it can be easily discolored or damaged. Turquoise should also be kept away from direct sunlight and excessive heat, as these can cause it to lose moisture and change color.
To clean turquoise, use a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can damage the stone. After cleaning, gently dry the stone with a soft cloth and store it in a cool, dry place. When wearing turquoise jewelry, it is best to avoid activities that may cause it to be scratched or subjected to excessive force.
Zircon
Zircon is more durable than turquoise but still requires care to maintain its brilliance. It is not as susceptible to chemical damage, but it can still be scratched by harder materials. Zircon should be cleaned using a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause the stone to crack or chip.
When storing zircon jewelry, it is best to keep it in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent it from coming into contact with harder gemstones. Zircon should also be protected from extreme temperatures, as it can be affected by rapid temperature changes.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively durable but should still be handled with care. It is not as sensitive to chemicals as turquoise but should still be kept away from harsh cleaning agents. Tanzanite can be cleaned using a soft cloth and mild soap with warm water. It is best to avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause the stone to become brittle or cracked.
When storing tanzanite jewelry, it should be kept in a cool, dry place and away from direct sunlight. Exposure to sunlight can cause the color to fade over time. Tanzanite should also be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
The December 3rd birthstones—tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon—offer a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Each gemstone has its own geological origins, distinct physical properties, and rich cultural significance. Whether chosen for its aesthetic appeal, its metaphysical properties, or its historical value, these gemstones provide a meaningful connection to the world of gemology and personal expression.
For those born in December, the choice of a birthstone is not just a matter of personal preference but also a reflection of their individuality and aspirations. Tanzanite, with its deep blue and violet hues, is associated with transformation and emotional healing. Turquoise, with its rich blue and green tones, is linked to protection and self-expression. Zircon, with its vibrant colors and high refractive index, is connected to mental clarity and confidence.
Understanding the properties, history, and care of these gemstones allows for a deeper appreciation of their significance. Whether worn as jewelry, used in decorative pieces, or studied for their geological and cultural value, the December 3rd birthstones continue to captivate and inspire those who encounter them.
Sources
- Sayabling: All About December Birthstone
- Navratan: Know All About December Birthstone
- AOL: Birthstone for December – Hint: There’s Actually Three
- EarthSky: December Birthstone – Zircon and Turquoise
- MyBirthstone: Daily Birthstones – December 3rd
- Gittelson Jewelers: Three Magical December Birthstones