The month of December boasts a trio of captivating birthstones: Blue Topaz, Turquoise, and Zircon. While each possesses unique characteristics and origins, they share a common thread – a striking blue hue that has captivated cultures for centuries. These gemstones represent a diverse range of geological formations and historical significance, offering a rich tapestry of lore and beauty for those born in the final month of the year. This article will delve into the history, properties, and symbolism of each of these December birthstones, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
Historical Significance and Traditional Associations
Throughout history, various cultures have assigned specific gemstones to each month, often based on color, perceived mystical properties, or astrological associations. The assignment of birthstones evolved over time, with different traditions prevailing in various regions. Arabic traditions, for example, frequently linked gemstones to specific guardian angels and held unique associations. For December, Arabic traditions favored Ruby as a birthstone, associating it with the guardian angel Adnachiel. Hebrew traditions also favored Ruby, alongside Topaz. Hindu traditions assigned Topaz to December, while Polish traditions leaned towards Turquoise. Roman traditions also favored Ruby.
The modern selection of December birthstones – Blue Topaz, Turquoise, and Zircon – represents a convergence of these historical preferences and a recognition of the gemstones’ inherent beauty and appeal.
Blue Topaz: A Gem of Eternal Love and Faithfulness
Blue Topaz, a variety of the silicate mineral Topaz, derives its name from the Greek word “Topazos.” While Topaz occurs in a range of colors, the blue variety is particularly prized. The name itself historically referred to any yellow stone, but the blue hues have become synonymous with the December birthstone. Three main shades of Blue Topaz are recognized: London Blue, Sky Blue, and Swiss Blue, with London Blue representing the deepest and most saturated shade. It is often used as a more affordable alternative to Sapphire.
Topaz is formed within pegmatites, coarse-grained igneous rocks found near silica-rich volcanic formations. Historically, significant deposits were found in Europe, particularly Germany. Today, sources include Brazil, where it was first mined in 1811, though historical use dates back much further.
Blue Topaz is often gifted to symbolize eternal love and faithfulness, making it a popular choice for engagement and anniversary jewelry. It ranks 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it suitable for everyday wear.
Turquoise: A Stone Steeped in History and Travel
The name “Turquoise” itself reflects a fascinating history of trade and cultural exchange. Derived from the Greek word “Turkois,” meaning “Turkish,” the gemstone was first brought to Europe from Turkey. However, its origins extend far beyond Turkish borders, with significant deposits found in Iran, the United States, Africa, Australia, Siberia, and Europe.
Turquoise is unique among gemstones as it is a mineral composed of copper aluminum phosphate, belonging to the phosphate family. This composition gives it its characteristic blue-green color, though shades can vary depending on the presence of other minerals.
Throughout history, Turquoise has been valued for its beauty and believed protective qualities. It has been used in jewelry and ornamentation for centuries, and remains a popular choice for both traditional and contemporary designs.
Zircon: A Diamond Imposter with a Colorful Past
Zircon’s history is marked by a long-standing confusion with Diamond. Its brilliance and multicolored flashes of light, known as “fire,” led to it being mistaken for its more valuable counterpart for centuries. The origin of the name “Zircon” is debated, with some scholars tracing it to the Arabic word “zarkun,” meaning “cinnabar” or “vermilion,” while others suggest a Persian origin, “zargun,” meaning “gold colored.” This etymological ambiguity reflects the wide range of colors in which Zircon can be found – red, orange, yellow, brown, green, and blue.
During the Middle Ages, Zircon was believed to induce sleep and ward off evil spirits. In Hindu tradition, it alternates with hessonite garnet as one of the nine gems of the navaratna, believed to bring wealth, wisdom, and good health when worn together. Victorian-era jewelers particularly favored blue Zircon, and fine specimens can be found in antique English jewelry from the 1880s.
Zircon is found in various locations, though specific sources are not detailed in the provided materials.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While each of these gemstones possesses distinct properties, a brief comparison highlights their key differences:
| Property | Blue Topaz | Turquoise | Zircon |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | ZrSiO₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 | 5-6 | 6.5-7.5 |
| Color | Blue (various shades) | Blue-Green | Various (Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue) |
| Luster | Vitreous | Waxy | Adamantine |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Triclinic | Tetragonal |
The Mohs scale of hardness indicates a gemstone’s resistance to scratching. Blue Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is relatively durable and suitable for everyday wear. Turquoise, with a hardness of 5-6, is softer and more susceptible to scratching, requiring more careful handling. Zircon falls in between, with a hardness of 6.5-7.5.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of these December birthstones requires specific care. Blue Topaz can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Turquoise, being a softer stone, should be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and mild soap, avoiding harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners. Zircon can also be cleaned with warm, soapy water, but ultrasonic cleaners are not recommended.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning throughout history. Blue Topaz is associated with loyalty, affection, and faithfulness. Turquoise is believed to bring good fortune and protection, and has long been considered a sacred stone by many cultures. Zircon, with its varied colors, is thought to promote wisdom, prosperity, and honor.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – Blue Topaz, Turquoise, and Zircon – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From ancient traditions to modern interpretations, these gemstones continue to inspire and enchant. Each stone offers a unique aesthetic and a rich cultural heritage, making them cherished possessions for those born in the final month of the year, and appealing choices for gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.