December is a month of celebration, transition, and reflection, and those born on December 20th are gifted with three distinct yet equally compelling birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon. Each of these gems carries its own rich history, unique gemological properties, and deep cultural symbolism. While turquoise is the primary birthstone for December 20th, tanzanite and zircon also hold special significance for those born on this day. This article delves into the characteristics, origins, cultural meanings, and modern uses of these three gemstones, offering a comprehensive exploration of their roles in gemology, spirituality, and jewelry design.
We will examine the geological properties of each stone, trace their historical uses across civilizations, and explore the metaphysical and symbolic beliefs attributed to them. The article also covers practical advice for caring for these gems, considering their hardness and sensitivity, and highlights their growing appeal in contemporary jewelry design.
Introduction
December 20th is a date marked by the convergence of three gemstones—turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon—each of which contributes a unique dimension to the birthstone experience. While turquoise is most commonly associated with this date and is considered the primary December 20th birthstone, tanzanite and zircon also play significant roles. These gems represent a fascinating blend of ancient traditions, modern discoveries, and global cultural significance.
The December 20th birthstone, especially turquoise, has long been revered for its striking blue-green hues and its association with protection, communication, and balance. Tanzanite, a relatively modern discovery, brings a deep blue-violet color and is linked to spiritual transformation and healing. Zircon, often overlooked, is a versatile gemstone that can display a range of colors and is prized for its brilliance and clarity.
This article explores the multifaceted nature of these gemstones, drawing from historical accounts, scientific data, and cultural lore to present a holistic view of their significance. By the end, readers will have a deeper appreciation for the December 20th birthstones and the unique qualities that make them so special.
History and Lore
Turquoise: A Stone of Ancient Reverence
Turquoise has been cherished for thousands of years and is one of the oldest known gemstones. Its name comes from the French pierre turquoise, meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting the trade routes through which it entered Europe. However, the stone's origins are far older, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Americas.
In ancient Egypt, turquoise was considered a sacred stone, often used in amulets and jewelry to protect the wearer from harm. It was also associated with the gods, particularly the sky and the afterlife. The Egyptians believed that turquoise brought divine protection and was a symbol of life and immortality. In many indigenous cultures of the Americas, particularly among the Navajo and Pueblo peoples, turquoise was used in ceremonies and believed to promote healing and balance.
Turquoise has also played a significant role in Chinese and Persian cultures. In China, it was used in jade-like carvings and was associated with good fortune. In Persia, it was incorporated into intricate mosaics and was believed to have protective and purifying properties.
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is a much more recent gemstone in the history of jewelry and gemology. Discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, the same country from which it takes its name, tanzanite was initially mistaken for another gemstone. It wasn't until 1968 that it was identified as a new mineral—zoisite—and later treated to enhance its color to produce the deep blue-violet tanzanite known today.
The discovery of tanzanite is often credited to the American jeweler and gemologist George Gurney, who recognized its potential and introduced it to the world. Gurney's efforts led to the stone's rapid popularity, and it was soon marketed as a birthstone for December. Tanzanite's short history is remarkable given its swift rise to prominence in the jewelry industry.
Unlike turquoise, which has a long and storied past, tanzanite is relatively new to the world of gemstones. However, it has quickly gained a reputation as a stone of transformation and spiritual awakening. Some believe that tanzanite enhances intuition and psychic abilities, making it a favored stone in metaphysical practices.
Zircon: A Gemstone of Many Colors
Zircon is a gemstone with a complex and varied history. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. Despite its age, zircon has been used in jewelry for centuries and is found in many ancient cultures. In fact, some of the earliest known pieces of jewelry made from zircon have been discovered in the ruins of ancient civilizations.
Zircon is often confused with other gemstones such as cubic zirconia (a synthetic material) and diamonds due to its brilliance and refractive index. However, natural zircon is distinct in both chemical composition and optical properties. It is available in a range of colors, including yellow, brown, green, and blue. The blue variety, known as "Starlite" zircon, is particularly prized for its vivid color and fire.
Zircon has also been associated with spiritual and healing properties in various traditions. Some believe that zircon promotes mental clarity and helps to dispel negative thoughts. In ancient times, it was used as a protective amulet and was believed to enhance the wearer's connection to the divine.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise: A Hydrated Phosphate Mineral
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(Cu)(PO₄)₂(OH)₂·4H₂O. It forms in arid regions where copper-rich veins intersect with phosphorus-bearing rocks. The process of formation involves the weathering of copper minerals, which react with phosphates and water to create turquoise deposits.
The most famous sources of turquoise are in the United States, particularly in the southwestern states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada. These regions are known for producing high-quality turquoise that is highly valued in both Native American and modern jewelry. Other notable sources include China, Egypt, Iran, and Afghanistan.
Turquoise is typically found in matrix form, meaning it is embedded in the surrounding rock. The matrix can vary in color and pattern, adding to the uniqueness of each stone. Turquoise is also sensitive to heat and chemicals, which means it must be handled carefully during cutting and polishing.
Tanzanite: A Unique Mineral from a Single Source
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH)₁. It is distinguished by its blue-violet color, which is caused by trace amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite is only found in one location in the world—near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This makes it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
The geological conditions that led to the formation of tanzanite are unique. The mineral formed from the metamorphism of limestone and other rocks under high pressure and temperature. The presence of vanadium in the original rock is what gave tanzanite its signature color. Because of its limited source, tanzanite is considered a finite resource, and its supply is expected to dwindle over time.
Tanzanite is cut in a way that maximizes its color, often in cushion or oval shapes. It is also heat-treated to enhance its blue-violet color, which is then stabilized through irradiation. This process is necessary to bring out the full brilliance of the stone.
Zircon: A Versatile and Ancient Mineral
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is found in a variety of colors, including colorless, yellow, brown, green, and blue. The blue variety, known as "Starlite" zircon, is particularly popular in jewelry due to its vibrant color and brilliance.
Zircon is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. It is found in many parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, and India. Zircon is often found in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is sometimes used as a zirconium source in industrial applications.
Zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a diamond-like sparkle. It is also pleochroic, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This property makes zircon a fascinating and versatile gemstone for jewelers and collectors alike.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise: Soft and Colorful
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more delicate than many other gemstones and requires careful handling. It is also porous and can be easily damaged by heat, chemicals, and water. Turquoise is often stabilized with resins or oils to improve its durability and color.
Turquoise is known for its unique color, which ranges from pale blue to deep green. The color is caused by the presence of copper (which gives it blue tones) and iron (which gives it green tones). The most valuable turquoise is a uniform deep blue with no green or black inclusions. Turquoise is also pleochroic, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles.
Turquoise is typically opaque or translucent and is often found in matrix form. The matrix can vary in color and pattern, adding to the uniqueness of each stone. Turquoise is also sensitive to light and can fade over time if exposed to direct sunlight for extended periods.
Tanzanite: A Deep and Rare Gem
Tanzanite is a relatively hard gemstone, with a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is also pleochroic, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This property is one of the reasons why tanzanite is so popular in jewelry—it offers a dynamic and colorful appearance.
Tanzanite is known for its deep blue-violet color, which is caused by trace amounts of vanadium. The color can vary depending on the lighting conditions, and tanzanite is often described as having a "velvety" appearance. Tanzanite is also heat-treated to enhance its color, and the treatment is usually permanent.
Tanzanite is typically transparent to translucent and is available in a range of cuts, including cushion, oval, and emerald. It is often set in silver or white gold to complement its color. Tanzanite is also known for its strong dispersion, which gives it a fiery sparkle.
Zircon: A Brilliant and Versatile Gem
Zircon is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. It is also known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a diamond-like sparkle. Zircon is often used as a diamond substitute due to its brilliance and fire.
Zircon is available in a range of colors, including colorless, yellow, brown, green, and blue. The blue variety, known as "Starlite" zircon, is particularly popular in jewelry due to its vibrant color and brilliance. Zircon is also pleochroic, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles.
Zircon is often heat-treated to enhance its color, and some varieties are also irradiated to improve their appearance. Zircon is typically transparent and is available in a range of cuts, including round, cushion, and emerald. It is often set in silver or white gold to complement its color and brilliance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Harmony
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, balance, and communication. In many cultures, it is believed to act as a protective talisman, shielding the wearer from negative energies and harm. Ancient civilizations used turquoise in amulets and jewelry to promote spiritual protection and healing.
Turquoise is also associated with balance and harmony. It is believed to help align the energies of the body, mind, and spirit, promoting a sense of equilibrium and well-being. This makes it a popular stone for those seeking inner peace and stability.
Turquoise is also linked to communication and self-expression. It is believed to encourage honest and open communication while enhancing one’s ability to express thoughts and emotions with clarity. This makes it a valuable stone for those who wish to improve their communication skills or express themselves more effectively.
Tanzanite: A Stone of Transformation and Healing
Tanzanite is often associated with spiritual transformation and healing. It is believed to activate several chakras, including the throat, third-eye, and crown chakras. This is said to allow the wearer to tap into their psychic abilities and communicate with higher dimensions.
Tanzanite is also associated with emotional healing and self-transformation. It is believed to help individuals release negative emotions and embrace new beginnings. This makes it a popular stone for those undergoing personal or spiritual growth.
Tanzanite is also linked to intuition and psychic abilities. It is believed to enhance the wearer’s ability to perceive and understand their surroundings, making it a valuable stone for those seeking to improve their intuition or connect with their higher self.
Zircon: A Stone of Clarity and Protection
Zircon is often associated with mental clarity and protection. It is believed to help dispel negative thoughts and promote a sense of mental clarity and focus. This makes it a valuable stone for those seeking to improve their concentration or overcome mental blocks.
Zircon is also associated with protection. In ancient times, it was used as a protective amulet and was believed to enhance the wearer’s connection to the divine. This makes it a popular stone for those seeking spiritual protection or a deeper connection to the spiritual world.
Zircon is also linked to energy and vitality. It is believed to help the wearer feel more energized and motivated, making it a valuable stone for those seeking to boost their energy levels or overcome fatigue.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise: Gentle Handling and Avoidance of Chemicals
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone and requires gentle handling to prevent damage. It should be avoided from exposure to heat, chemicals, and water, as these can cause it to fade or degrade over time. Turquoise is also porous and can be easily stained by oils and lotions.
To clean turquoise, it should be wiped with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be soaked in water or exposed to ultrasonic cleaners. It is also recommended to store turquoise in a dry, cool place to prevent it from drying out or losing its color.
Turquoise should also be kept away from other gemstones, as it can be easily scratched or damaged. It is best to store it in a separate compartment or wrap it in a soft cloth to prevent contact with other stones.
Tanzanite: Avoiding Heat and Chemicals
Tanzanite is a relatively durable gemstone, but it should still be handled with care to prevent damage. It should be avoided from exposure to heat, chemicals, and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause it to lose its color or become damaged.
To clean tanzanite, it should be wiped with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be soaked in water or exposed to steam cleaners, as these can cause it to become cloudy or lose its luster. Tanzanite should also be kept away from other gemstones, as it can be easily scratched or damaged.
Tanzanite should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from fading or losing its color. It is best to store it in a separate compartment or wrap it in a soft cloth to prevent contact with other stones.
Zircon: Resistant to Everyday Wear
Zircon is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. However, it should still be handled with care to prevent damage. Zircon should be avoided from exposure to harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners, as these can cause it to become cloudy or lose its luster.
To clean zircon, it should be wiped with a soft cloth and mild soap. It can also be cleaned with a soft brush and warm water, but it should not be soaked for extended periods. Zircon should also be kept away from other gemstones, as it can be easily scratched or damaged.
Zircon should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from fading or losing its color. It is best to store it in a separate compartment or wrap it in a soft cloth to prevent contact with other stones.
Conclusion
The December 20th birthstone—comprising turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon—represents a unique convergence of ancient traditions, modern discoveries, and global cultural significance. Each of these gemstones brings its own distinct qualities to the December 20th birthstone experience, offering a rich and diverse array of properties, symbolism, and beauty.
Turquoise, the primary December 20th birthstone, has a long and storied history, with associations to protection, balance, and communication. Tanzanite, a relatively new gemstone, brings a deep blue-violet color and is linked to spiritual transformation and healing. Zircon, often overlooked, is a versatile gemstone that can display a range of colors and is prized for its brilliance and clarity.
These gemstones not only serve as beautiful adornments but also carry deep symbolic meanings that have been passed down through generations. Whether worn as jewelry, used in spiritual practices, or simply admired for their beauty, the December 20th birthstones offer a meaningful and enduring connection to the past, present, and future.
For those born on December 20th, these gemstones serve as a reminder of the unique qualities they possess and the special significance they hold in the world of gemology and jewelry.