The birthstone associated with December 1st is a unique collection of gemstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Bloodstone. These gemstones, each with its own distinct properties and historical significance, have been cherished for centuries across various cultures. This article explores the geological, historical, and symbolic aspects of these stones, offering a comprehensive guide for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
Introduction
December 1st is associated with four official birthstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Bloodstone. These gemstones are not only valued for their beauty but also for their deep historical and cultural significance. Each stone has a unique story, spanning from ancient civilizations to modern times. This article will delve into the properties, origins, symbolism, and care of these December 1st birthstones, providing a well-rounded perspective on their importance in both historical and contemporary contexts.
The following sections will explore each gemstone individually, covering their geological formation, historical use, and the meanings attributed to them. Additionally, the article will examine the alternative birthstone for December 1st, Bloodstone, and its connection to the other stones. Finally, practical advice for caring for these gemstones will be provided, based on their physical properties and historical use.
History and Lore
Turquoise
Turquoise has one of the most storied histories among all gemstones. It was first discovered in Persia and the Sinai Peninsula and was brought to Europe through the gem markets of Constantinople, hence its name. Turquoise has been used for thousands of years, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt, where it was highly valued for its protective and healing properties. It was often carved into amulets and used in jewelry, believed to ward off danger and bring good fortune.
In Tibet, turquoise was considered a stone of fortune, health, and success, and it was even used as a form of currency. The Incas and Mayas also revered turquoise, using it as an offering to their gods. Native American tribes of the Southwest associated turquoise with youth and strength, believing it to be a symbol of vitality and longevity when combined with gold. Hindu mystics believed that holding turquoise during a new moon would bring wealth.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively modern gemstone, first discovered in 1967 in Tanzania, hence its name. It was marketed as a December birthstone soon after its discovery, despite not being traditionally associated with the month. Tanzanite is known for its deep blue to violet color and is often used as an alternative to sapphire. It is believed to promote spiritual awareness and transformation, making it a popular choice for those seeking personal growth.
The gemstone's association with December has made it a symbol of new beginnings and deep introspection. Its relatively recent discovery and limited source location (only found in Tanzania) have contributed to its mystique and desirability.
Zircon
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some crystals dating back over 4 billion years. It has been used in jewelry for centuries, with some of the earliest examples dating back to ancient Egypt and India. Zircon is available in a range of colors, from colorless to red, yellow, green, and blue. The blue variety, known as "Star Blue Zircon," is particularly popular and is often used as a diamond alternative.
Zircon is believed to promote wisdom and prosperity. In ancient times, it was used to ward off evil spirits and to bring good fortune. Its long history and varied uses make it a fascinating gemstone with deep cultural significance.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is a type of jasper that is distinguished by its green background and red spots, which resemble blood. It has been used for centuries in jewelry and amulets, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. The red spots are believed to represent the blood of Christ, and the stone was used in religious artifacts and as a protective charm.
Bloodstone is associated with courage, vitality, and healing. It was believed to help warriors in battle and to promote strength and endurance. In modern times, it is still used as a protective stone and is often worn by those seeking physical and emotional strength.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It forms in the oxidized zone of copper deposits, where water percolates through the rock and reacts with copper minerals. The blue color of turquoise is due to the presence of copper, while the green color is caused by the presence of iron.
The most important sources of turquoise today include the United States (particularly in Nevada and Arizona), Iran, China, and Egypt. The quality of turquoise can vary significantly, with the finest examples coming from the Persian mines in Iran and the Sleeping Beauty Mine in Arizona.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite that contains vanadium, which gives it its distinctive blue to violet color. It is found only in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, where it was first discovered in 1967. The gemstone is formed in metamorphic rock under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.
The limited source of tanzanite contributes to its rarity and value. It is often cut in a way that maximizes its color and clarity, making it a popular choice for rings, pendants, and other fine jewelry.
Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some crystals dating back over 4 billion years. Zircon is found in a variety of rock types, including granite, basalt, and sedimentary rock. The blue variety of zircon, known as "Star Blue Zircon," is created through heat treatment.
The most important sources of zircon include Australia, Brazil, India, and Madagascar. The gemstone is often used as a diamond alternative due to its brilliance and refractive index.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is a type of jasper, which is a form of chalcedony. It is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) with inclusions of iron oxide, which gives it its characteristic red spots. Bloodstone forms in volcanic rock, particularly in basalt and rhyolite.
The finest bloodstone is found in India, Russia, and the United States. It is often used in cabochon form, as its inclusions are considered part of its beauty.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index | Specific Gravity | Cleavage | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | 1.61–1.65 | 2.70–2.90 | None | Opaque |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | 3.00–3.38 | Poor | Transparent |
| Zircon | Colorless to red | 6–7.5 | 1.92–2.00 | 3.97–4.70 | Poor | Transparent |
| Bloodstone | Green with red spots | 6.5–7 | 1.56–1.58 | 2.60–2.80 | None | Opaque |
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. It is opaque and has a waxy to greasy luster. Its refractive index ranges from 1.61 to 1.65, and its specific gravity is between 2.70 and 2.90. Turquoise does not have cleavage, but it can be brittle and prone to cracking.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale and a refractive index of 1.69–1.70. Its specific gravity is between 3.00 and 3.38. Tanzanite has poor cleavage and is often cut in a way that minimizes the risk of damage. It is transparent to translucent and has a vitreous luster.
Zircon
Zircon has a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale and a refractive index of 1.92–2.00. Its specific gravity ranges from 3.97 to 4.70, and it has poor cleavage. Zircon is transparent to translucent and has a vitreous to greasy luster.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone has a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale and a refractive index of 1.56–1.58. Its specific gravity is between 2.60 and 2.80. Bloodstone is opaque and has a waxy to vitreous luster. It does not have cleavage and is relatively durable.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the oldest and most widely used gemstones in the world. It has been associated with protection, good fortune, and spiritual insight. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to protect the wearer from danger and to promote good health. In Tibet, it was used as a form of currency and was believed to bring success and prosperity.
Turquoise is also associated with communication and emotional balance. It is believed to help the wearer express their thoughts and emotions clearly and to promote calmness and serenity.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is believed to promote spiritual awareness and transformation. It is associated with the third eye and crown chakras and is believed to enhance intuition and psychic abilities. Tanzanite is also associated with emotional healing and is believed to help the wearer release negative emotions and find inner peace.
Zircon
Zircon is believed to promote wisdom, prosperity, and spiritual growth. It is associated with the heart and crown chakras and is believed to enhance intuition and spiritual insight. Zircon is also believed to protect the wearer from negative energies and to promote clarity and focus.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is believed to promote courage, vitality, and healing. It is associated with the root chakra and is believed to ground the wearer and promote physical and emotional strength. Bloodstone is also believed to protect the wearer from illness and to promote a strong immune system.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of December 1st birthstones. Each gemstone has its own unique properties that require specific care instructions.
Turquoise
Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, making it sensitive to heat, chemicals, and abrasion. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause damage. Store turquoise away from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively durable but should be handled with care. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid exposure to high heat and harsh chemicals, as these can cause the gemstone to lose its color or become damaged. Store tanzanite separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively hard and durable but should be handled with care. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can cause damage. Store zircon away from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is relatively durable and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It is not sensitive to heat or chemicals, but it should be stored away from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
The December 1st birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Bloodstone—are each unique in their properties, history, and symbolism. From the ancient protective powers of Turquoise to the modern spiritual insights of Tanzanite, these gemstones offer a rich tapestry of meaning and beauty. Their varied geological origins and cultural significance make them fascinating subjects for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology alike.
Whether you are drawn to the deep blue hues of Turquoise, the vibrant colors of Zircon, the mystical properties of Tanzanite, or the protective qualities of Bloodstone, these gemstones offer something for everyone. By understanding their properties and history, you can make informed decisions about their use in jewelry and their role in your personal collection.