August boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While all offer unique beauty and symbolism, peridot stands out as the most widely recognized primary stone for those born in this month. Revered throughout history as the “gem of the sun,” and even believed to be the tears of the volcanic goddess Pele, peridot’s vibrant green hue and fascinating origins have captivated cultures for millennia. This article delves into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, offering a comprehensive overview of this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is rich and often intertwined with that of other green gemstones, particularly emerald and topaz. Ancient texts frequently used the name “topaz” to refer to what is now known as peridot, leading to some historical confusion. As noted by George Frederick Kuntz in 1913, the “topaz of the ancients was usually our chrysolite, or peridot.” This interchangeable use of names stemmed from the similar color profiles of the stones. The island historically known as Topazios, however, never actually produced the November birthstone topaz, further complicating the matter.
The earliest documented use of peridot dates back to ancient Egypt, where it was highly prized and often referred to as the “gem of the sun.” It is believed to have been a favorite of Queen Cleopatra VII, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, adorning her jewelry and royal possessions.
Beyond Egypt, peridot holds significance in other cultures. In Hawaii, the gemstone is deeply connected to Pele, the goddess of volcanoes, and is considered to be her solidified tears. This association imbues peridot with a powerful spiritual connection to the islands and their volcanic origins. Historically, peridot was also referenced several times in the Bible, appearing as one of the gems in the high priest’s breastplate, a precursor to the modern concept of birthstones, and one of the foundation stones of Jerusalem.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a fascinating gemstone in terms of its formation. Unlike many gems formed within the Earth’s crust, peridot originates deep within the Earth’s mantle, specifically in the mineral olivine ((Mg,Fe)2 SiO4). It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often found in lava flows and within pallasite meteorites. The presence of iron within the olivine structure is responsible for peridot’s characteristic green color, with higher iron content resulting in a more intense hue and increased value.
Historically, Egypt was the primary source of peridot, and it remains the national gem of the country. However, significant deposits have since been discovered in other locations around the globe. Vietnam, particularly in the 1990s, became a notable source, offering peridot with a diverse range of green shades. Myanmar (Burma) is renowned for producing large, richly colored Burmese peridot, highly sought after by jewelers. Additional sources include China, Pakistan, Tanzania, and even Arizona in the United States. Notably, peridot has even been found within pallasite meteorites, though these stones are typically too small for use in jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is classified as a semi-precious stone, possessing distinct gemological properties that set it apart. Its chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4, indicating its composition of magnesium, iron, and silicon dioxide. The gemstone’s color is predominantly a natural light green, though shades can range from pale lime green to a richer olive hue. The intensity of the color is directly related to the amount of iron present in the stone.
Peridot is known for its unique capacity to sparkle under both natural and artificial light, earning it the nickname “evening emerald.” However, it is crucial to distinguish peridot from emerald, as they are distinct mineral species with differing characteristics.
While specific data regarding hardness and refractive index are not provided in the sources, peridot’s durability makes it suitable for a variety of jewelry settings. Its consistent green color, unlike some gemstones that exhibit pleochroism (displaying different colors from different angles), is another notable characteristic.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Its bright green color is often associated with good health, peace, and harmony. It is popularly known as the “gem of compassion,” believed to bring renewal and positive energy.
Peridot is also believed to possess calming properties, aiding in restful sleep and mitigating anger. Some even suggest it can help alleviate depression. These beliefs contribute to peridot’s appeal as a gemstone with healing and restorative powers.
Beyond personal well-being, peridot holds significance in commemorating special occasions. It is traditionally gifted to celebrate the 15th wedding anniversary, symbolizing enduring love and happiness.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of peridot jewelry requires careful attention. While the sources do not provide detailed cleaning instructions, understanding the gemstone’s properties can inform proper care. Given its composition and potential for surface abrasion, it is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended. It is also important to store peridot jewelry separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, offers a compelling blend of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins in Egypt, adorning the jewelry of Queen Cleopatra, to its modern association with volcanic energy and healing properties, peridot continues to enchant and inspire. Its vibrant green hue, unique formation, and rich cultural significance make it a truly special gemstone, worthy of celebration by those born in August and gemstone enthusiasts alike. Whether chosen for its beauty, its symbolism, or its connection to the natural world, peridot remains a timeless treasure.