For centuries, red gemstones were often misidentified, and the story of spinel is deeply intertwined with that of ruby and sapphire. While historically mistaken for these more celebrated corundum varieties, spinel has emerged as a recognized and increasingly popular August birthstone, officially added to the list in 2016. Alongside peridot and sardonyx, spinel offers a vibrant and historically rich option for those born in the eighth month of the year. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of spinel, drawing upon recent discoveries and historical accounts.
History and Lore
The confusion surrounding spinel’s identity is a significant part of its history. As noted in historical accounts, red spinel was frequently referred to as “ruby spinel,” “balas ruby,” or “rubicelle” due to its striking resemblance to the ruby. Edward Henry Kraus, a noted gemologist, observed that many historical “rubies” were, in fact, spinel. This misidentification persisted for centuries, particularly as both gemstones were often found in the same mines.
A particularly famous example of this historical confusion is the large red stone set in the British State Crown. Long believed to be a ruby, it was later discovered to be a spinel. Similarly, many significant “rubies” within Indian collections are now understood to be spinel. By the 18th century, the chemical distinctions between spinel and ruby became clearer, leading to a more accurate identification of the gemstone.
Beyond its mistaken identity, spinel possesses its own unique lore. It has been called the “stone of immortality,” and certain varieties, like lodestone (a magnetic form of spinel), were believed to possess special properties. Cleopatra is said to have slept on a lodestone, believing it would maintain her youthful appearance. Lodestone was also historically used to magnetize compass needles, demonstrating its practical applications beyond adornment.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel’s formation occurs in a variety of geological environments, often alongside other gemstones. It crystallizes in the cubic system, a characteristic that often displays twinning crystals, aiding in its identification. Unlike ruby, which can exhibit dichroism (displaying different hues when viewed from different angles), spinel typically displays a consistent color throughout the stone.
While spinel can be found in a range of colors, red, blue, and pink are among the most sought-after. Significant sources of spinel include Vietnam, particularly the Luc Yen region, which produces stones in deep red, purple, pink, vivid blue, and violet hues. Tanzania has also become a notable source, with pinkish and orangy-red spinel discovered there in 2007. Historically, spinel was found in the same mines as ruby, contributing to the early confusion between the two gems. Other notable spinel deposits are found within the Iranian Crown Jewels and the Russian Imperial Crown, showcasing the gem’s historical importance.
Gemological Properties
Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide mineral with the chemical formula MgAl₂O₄. It boasts a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. This hardness places it between topaz and corundum (ruby and sapphire).
Spinel exhibits a single refraction, meaning light passes through it without splitting into two rays, unlike ruby and sapphire. This characteristic, along with its cubic crystal structure, helps distinguish it from corundum. The gem comes in a wide array of colors, including red, blue, pink, purple, orange, and even black. Red and blue spinel are the most valuable, often rivaling the brilliance and vibrancy of ruby and sapphire, respectively. Black spinel has recently gained popularity due to its resemblance to black diamonds.
A unique property of some spinel varieties is their magnetism. Lodestone, a specific type of spinel, is highly magnetic and was historically used for navigational purposes.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | MgAl₂O₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 |
| Crystal System | Cubic |
| Refraction | Single |
| Common Colors | Red, Blue, Pink, Purple, Black, Orange |
| Notable Feature | Some varieties are magnetic (Lodestone) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, spinel has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Vivid red spinel is believed to encourage harmony and symbolize vitality. Red spinel is also considered a remedy for blood loss and inflammatory diseases, according to some traditions.
Different colors of spinel are associated with different benefits. The stone is often linked to strength and balance, and is thought to promote physical and emotional well-being. The “stone of immortality” moniker suggests a belief in its life-extending properties.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, spinel is a relatively durable gemstone. However, like all jewelry, it requires proper care to maintain its brilliance. Spinel can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. It is also advisable to remove spinel jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent scratches or chipping.
Conclusion
Spinel, once overshadowed by its more famous counterparts, has rightfully earned its place as a significant and beautiful gemstone. Its rich history, diverse colors, and durable properties make it a compelling choice for jewelry and a meaningful birthstone for those born in August. From its historical misidentification as ruby to its modern recognition as a gem in its own right, spinel’s journey is a testament to the evolving understanding and appreciation of the natural world’s treasures. The increasing popularity of spinel reflects a growing desire for unique and ethically sourced gemstones, solidifying its position as a cherished gem for generations to come.