December, the final month of the calendar year, is associated with a rich palette of gemstones that reflect the cool tones of winter and the warmth of its traditions. The December birthstones—blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—each possess distinct colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. These gemstones, celebrated for their vibrant hues and cultural significance, offer a diverse selection of options for those born in December and those who appreciate the unique allure of these stones.
This article delves into the geological properties, historical and cultural significance, and care guidelines for each of December's birthstones. Drawing from authoritative sources, it provides an in-depth look at how these gemstones have captivated human imagination across centuries and continue to inspire both gemological and aesthetic appreciation in the modern era.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones dates back thousands of years, with roots in ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Jewish culture. The concept of associating gemstones with the months of the year was formalized in the 13th century by the German scholar Benedictus de Spinoza, who compiled the earliest known list of birthstones. Over time, these associations have evolved, with new stones added to reflect both cultural values and advancements in gemology.
In the case of December, the selection of multiple gemstones reflects both the diversity of available gem materials and the symbolic richness of their colors. Turquoise and zircon have been recognized as the primary December birthstones for centuries, while blue topaz, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli were later added to the list, broadening the range of options available to December-born individuals and gemstone enthusiasts alike.
Each of these gemstones carries its own historical narrative:
Turquoise has been cherished since antiquity, with evidence of its use dating back to 3000 BCE in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was often used in amulets and jewelry and was believed to offer protection and good fortune. In ancient China, turquoise was carved into intricate works of art and worn as a symbol of status and spiritual power.
Zircon, particularly the blue variety, has been prized for its brilliance and fiery luster. Known as "star zircon" in some cultures, it has been used in jewelry and sacred objects for millennia. Its name is derived from the Arabic word "zarkun," meaning green, and it was historically confused with other gemstones such as zircon and topaz due to its similar appearance.
Topaz, especially the blue variety, has been a popular gemstone for centuries. Ancient cultures believed that topaz could increase strength and provide protection. The blue topaz of December symbolizes calm and serenity, making it a fitting choice for the winter season.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent addition to the December birthstone list, was discovered in the 1960s in Tanzania. Its deep blue to violet color and unique pleochroism (the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles) have made it a favorite among collectors and jewelry designers.
Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color flecked with gold and white, has been used since antiquity. It was particularly valued in ancient Egypt, where it was associated with the gods and used in royal artifacts. The stone was believed to enhance wisdom and spiritual insight.
The inclusion of these gemstones in the December birthstone list reflects both their beauty and their historical and cultural significance. They offer a wide range of colors and meanings, allowing individuals to choose a stone that resonates with their personal preferences and beliefs.
Geological Formation and Sources
The December birthstones are formed through a variety of geological processes, each resulting in a unique set of physical and optical properties. These gemstones are found in different parts of the world, often in regions with specific geological conditions that facilitate their formation.
Blue Zircon is formed in igneous rocks through the slow cooling of magma. The blue color is typically the result of heat treatment, which alters the natural brown or colorless zircon. Zircon is found in several countries, including Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia. It ranges in hardness from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but susceptible to abrasion.
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in pegmatite and rhyolite. Its blue color is usually achieved through irradiation or heat treatment. Natural blue topaz is extremely rare, with the majority of blue topaz available in the market being enhanced. It is found in Brazil, the United States, and Nigeria. With a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, blue topaz is a durable gemstone suitable for a variety of jewelry applications.
Tanzanite is a form of zoisite that is only found in the Merelani Hills near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its blue to violet color is due to trace amounts of vanadium, and it is often heat-treated to enhance its color. Tanzanite is relatively soft, with a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, and it is sensitive to high temperatures, which can cause it to lose its color.
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed mainly of lazurite, with smaller amounts of pyrite and calcite. It forms under high pressure and temperature conditions, often in association with other minerals. The most famous source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, which has been a major supplier for thousands of years. It is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, and it is typically used in carvings and cabochons rather than faceted gems.
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, formed in the oxidation zone of copper deposits. It is typically found in arid regions where the chemical conditions favor its formation. The most significant sources of turquoise include the United States, China, and Egypt. Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale and is often stabilized with resins or oils to improve its durability and appearance.
The geological diversity of these gemstones contributes to their unique characteristics and makes each one a valuable addition to the December birthstone collection.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses distinct gemological properties that influence its appearance, durability, and suitability for different types of jewelry. Understanding these properties helps in selecting and caring for these gemstones appropriately.
Blue Zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a brilliant sparkle. It is available in a range of colors, including blue, colorless, and various shades of red and yellow. The blue variety is often heat-treated to achieve its vibrant color. Zircon has a specific gravity of 4.6 to 4.7, and it is relatively sensitive to heat and abrasion.
Blue Topaz is a transparent to translucent gemstone with a vitreous luster. It is known for its excellent clarity and color, with the blue variety being the most popular. Natural blue topaz is rare, and most of the blue topaz available in the market is treated to enhance its color. It has a specific gravity of 3.5 to 3.6 and is relatively stable under normal conditions.
Tanzanite is a pleochroic gemstone, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. Its deep blue to violet color is highly desirable, and it is often cut in a cushion or oval shape to maximize its color. Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and light, and prolonged exposure to these elements can cause it to fade. It has a specific gravity of 3.1 to 3.4 and is relatively soft compared to other gemstones.
Lapis Lazuli is an opaque gemstone with a chatoyant or silky luster. It is composed of lazurite, which gives it its deep blue color, along with flecks of pyrite and calcite. Lapis lazuli is often used in carvings, cabochons, and inlay work. It has a specific gravity of 2.4 to 2.5 and is relatively soft, making it suitable for certain types of jewelry but not for everyday wear.
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gemstone with a waxy to greasy luster. It is known for its range of blue to green colors, often with matrix patterns that add to its character. Turquoise is often stabilized with resins or oils to improve its durability and appearance. It has a specific gravity of 2.6 to 2.8 and is relatively soft, making it prone to scratches and abrasion.
These gemological properties play a crucial role in determining the use and care of each December birthstone. They also contribute to the unique beauty and character of these gemstones, making them a popular choice for both jewelry and collectibles.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones have been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs across different cultures and historical periods. These beliefs often reflect the physical properties and colors of the gemstones, as well as the cultural and spiritual values of the societies that revered them.
Turquoise has long been regarded as a stone of protection and good fortune. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to offer protection to the wearer and to ward off evil spirits. In Native American cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone that connects the earth and the sky. It is often used in rituals and ceremonies to promote healing and spiritual growth.
Zircon is associated with wisdom, clarity, and spiritual insight. It is believed to enhance the wearer's ability to see beyond the surface and to understand deeper truths. In some cultures, zircon is also believed to bring prosperity and to protect the wearer from negative energies.
Topaz, especially the blue variety, is associated with calmness, serenity, and emotional stability. It is believed to help the wearer maintain a balanced state of mind and to enhance their ability to communicate effectively. Blue topaz is also considered a stone of intuition and is often used in meditation practices.
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual growth. It is believed to help the wearer connect with their higher self and to enhance their ability to understand their emotions and thoughts. Tanzanite is also considered a stone of love and compassion, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other sentimental jewelry.
Lapis Lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It is believed to enhance the wearer's intellectual abilities and to stimulate a quest for knowledge. In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was considered a sacred stone that was used in the adornment of pharaohs and other high-ranking individuals.
These symbolic and metaphysical associations have contributed to the enduring popularity of December birthstones and have influenced the way they are used in jewelry and other decorative arts. Whether worn for their beauty, their symbolism, or their perceived metaphysical properties, these gemstones continue to inspire and captivate people around the world.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has specific requirements based on its hardness, stability, and susceptibility to damage.
Blue Zircon should be cleaned with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended, as they can cause damage to the gemstone. Zircon is relatively sensitive to abrasion, so it should be handled with care and stored separately from harder gemstones.
Blue Topaz can be cleaned with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. It is relatively durable and can withstand most cleaning methods, including ultrasonic and steam cleaners. However, it should be avoided in harsh chemicals and high temperatures.
Tanzanite requires gentle cleaning with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. It is sensitive to heat and light, so it should be stored in a cool, dark place. Tanzanite should also be handled with care to avoid scratches and abrasion.
Lapis Lazuli should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap in warm water. It is relatively soft and should be handled with care to avoid scratches. Lapis lazuli should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent damage.
Turquoise should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap in warm water. It is often stabilized with resins or oils, and these treatments should be preserved to maintain the gemstone's appearance and durability. Turquoise should be handled with care and stored separately from harder gemstones.
By following these care and cleaning guidelines, December birthstones can be enjoyed for many years, maintaining their beauty and value.
Conclusion
December birthstones—blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones that reflect the cool hues of winter and the warmth of tradition. These gemstones have a long and storied history, with roots in ancient civilizations and continued relevance in the modern world. Each one possesses unique geological properties, historical significance, and symbolic meaning, making them a popular choice for jewelry, collectibles, and personal adornment.
Whether chosen for their beauty, their symbolism, or their metaphysical properties, December birthstones continue to inspire and captivate people around the world. With proper care and appreciation, these gemstones can be enjoyed for generations, connecting the past with the present and adding a touch of elegance and meaning to everyday life.