The practice of associating gemstones with specific months, known as birthstones, has a rich and complex history stretching back to ancient times. Originally linked to the twelve tribes of Israel and the signs of the zodiac, the concept evolved over centuries, culminating in standardized lists adopted by jewelers’ associations in the 20th century. While many months now have a single, designated birthstone, August stands out with a trio of captivating gems: sardonyx, spinel, and peridot. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these three August birthstones, drawing upon historical accounts and modern gemological understanding.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones finds its roots in ancient civilizations, with early associations stemming from religious and astrological beliefs. The earliest connections are often traced to the breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus, which featured twelve gemstones representing the tribes of Israel. Historians, including Josephus, attempted to correlate these stones with the months of the year and the zodiac signs, though interpretations varied considerably. The standardization of birthstones is a more recent development. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers in America sought to establish a definitive list, which was later updated by the Jewelry Industry Council of America in 1952 and the American Gem Trade Association in 2002.
Originally, sardonyx was the sole birthstone for August. It held significance in ancient times, being utilized for wax seals and worn as a talisman believed to offer courage, strength, and protection against negative energy. Peridot and spinel were later additions to the August birthstone family, acknowledging their unique qualities and historical importance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the three August birthstones originates through distinct geological processes and is found in various locations worldwide.
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of silica. It is characterized by parallel bands of red-brown sard and white onyx, creating a striking layered appearance. These bands form through the deposition of silica in volcanic or sedimentary environments. Sardonyx is found in India, Brazil, and the United States, among other locations.
Spinel, once frequently mistaken for ruby and sapphire, is a magnesium aluminum oxide mineral. It crystallizes in isometric systems and forms in metamorphic rocks, often alongside other gemstones. Significant sources of spinel include Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Myanmar. It wasn’t until the late 19th century that spinel was definitively recognized as a distinct mineral species.
Peridot, a vibrant green gemstone, is a variety of olivine, a mineral formed deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Notable sources of peridot include Egypt, Myanmar, and the United States. Cleopatra was known to favor peridot, though it is possible she was actually wearing what we now know as peridot, but was then referred to as emerald.
Gemological Properties
The three August birthstones exhibit distinct gemological properties that contribute to their unique appeal and value.
Sardonyx: This gemstone has a hardness of 6.5 on the Mohs scale, making it moderately durable. Its banded structure is its defining characteristic, and the contrast between the red-brown and white layers determines its aesthetic quality.
Spinel: Highly valued for its brilliance and durability, spinel scores between 7.5 and 8 on the Mohs scale. It occurs in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, green, and black. The most prized spinels are those with a bright red or pink hue, rivaling the appearance of ruby.
Peridot: With a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, peridot is relatively soft and requires careful handling. Its characteristic bright green color is due to the presence of iron in its chemical composition. The intensity of the green hue is a key factor in determining its value.
The following table summarizes the Mohs hardness scale comparison for these three birthstones:
| Birthstone | Mohs Scale |
|---|---|
| Spinel | 7.5-8 |
| Sardonyx | 6.5 |
| Peridot | 6.5-7 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these August birthstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Sardonyx was believed to impart courage, strength, and self-control. It was also thought to ward off negative energy and promote motivation.
Spinel is associated with enhancing vitality, promoting positive energy, and fostering a sense of peace and calm. It is believed to revitalize the wearer and encourage positive transformation.
Peridot has long been considered a stone of positivity, happiness, and confidence. It was historically believed to protect against nightmares and ward off evil spirits. It is also thought to symbolize strength, courage, and abundance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these August birthstones. Due to their varying hardness levels, different cleaning methods are recommended.
Sardonyx, with its moderate hardness, should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners.
Spinel, being relatively durable, can be cleaned with warm, soapy water, a soft brush, and rinsed thoroughly. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution.
Peridot, being the softest of the three, requires gentle cleaning. Use warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as they can damage the stone. It is best to avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight or heat.
Conclusion
August’s birthstones – sardonyx, spinel, and peridot – represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of sardonyx as a protective talisman to the recent recognition of spinel as a distinct gemstone and the enduring allure of peridot’s vibrant green hue, these stones continue to captivate and inspire. Their unique properties and meanings make them cherished possessions, embodying the spirit of the month of August and offering a connection to the rich tapestry of gemological lore.