November is unique among the birthstone calendar as it boasts not one, but two recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. Both gemstones offer a vibrant splash of color, particularly appealing as the days shorten and the landscape transitions towards winter. While topaz has a longer history as a November birthstone, citrine has gained significant popularity in recent years, offering an accessible and attractive alternative. Both stones are believed to carry calming energies and bring warmth and fortune to those born in the eleventh month.
History and Lore
The history of topaz stretches back millennia. The ancient Greeks associated the stone with strength, believing it granted them power. From the 1300s to the 1600s, Europeans considered topaz capable of thwarting magic spells and dispelling anger. In India, a long-held belief suggests that wearing topaz above the heart ensures a long life, beauty, and intelligence. The name “topaz” itself has debated origins, potentially stemming from the Sanskrit word tapas meaning “fire,” or from the Greek topazos.
Citrine’s history, while less extensive than topaz, is also rooted in ancient belief. It is closely related to amethyst, both being varieties of quartz. While naturally occurring citrine is rare, the practice of heating smoky quartz to create the yellow hue is widely accepted within the gem industry, often occurring on-site at mines. Historically, amethyst was considered a cardinal gem alongside diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, but the discovery of large amethyst deposits in Brazil made it more readily available.
The tradition of birthstones evolved over centuries, originating from a connection between the stars and human fortune. Wearing specific stones during particular stellar alignments was believed to increase luck. This practice gradually transformed into the modern system of associating gemstones with specific months. November’s zodiac signs, Scorpio (October 24 – November 21) and Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21), also have associated stones, including turquoise, amethyst, sapphire, ruby, beryl, aquamarine, and garnet, offering a wider range of options for those interested in astrological gemology.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is found in a variety of geological settings, with significant sources in Brazil, Namibia, Russia, and Pakistan. It naturally occurs in earthy yellow to golden-brown tones, but is frequently treated to achieve other colors, including the popular blue varieties.
Citrine, as a variety of quartz, is also found globally. However, naturally occurring citrine is relatively rare. The majority of citrine available today is created by heat-treating smoky quartz. Brazil is a major source of both smoky quartz and, consequently, heat-treated citrine.
Gemological Properties
Topaz boasts a Mohs hardness of 8, making it a relatively durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. It exhibits a wide range of colors, including colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, and, very rarely, red. The blue topaz commonly seen today is often created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz, resulting in a permanent color change. A special treatment called “Mystic Topaz” involves coating colorless topaz with a thin artificial film to create a rainbow effect.
Citrine, also a quartz variety, displays colors ranging from yellow to orange, with the intensity of color stemming from the presence of small amounts of iron. All yellow and orange quartz specimens are referred to as citrine.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Aluminum Silicate | Quartz |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Mohs Hardness | 8 | 7 |
| Color | Varied | Yellow to Orange |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Topaz is widely regarded as a symbol of strength and protection, acting as a “personal bodyguard” in gemstone form. It is also associated with love, loyalty, wisdom, and trust. Ancient cultures linked topaz to the sun gods Ra and Jupiter, and legend suggests it can quench thirst and prevent bad dreams. Modern beliefs attribute the ability to boost confidence and balance emotions to topaz.
Citrine is believed to enhance self-confidence and assertiveness, empowering individuals to express themselves with conviction. It is also associated with abundance and prosperity.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, topaz is relatively durable and can withstand normal wear. However, it is still susceptible to scratches from harder materials. Cleaning topaz jewelry can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as some topaz varieties may be fracture-filled.
Citrine, with a Mohs hardness of 7, is also durable enough for everyday wear, but slightly less resistant to scratching than topaz. It can be cleaned using the same method as topaz: warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Like topaz, avoid ultrasonic cleaners.
Notable Specimens and Market Value
The Braganza Diamond, a 1,680-carat stone discovered in Brazil in 1740, was initially hailed as the largest diamond ever found. However, it was later determined to be a topaz. This specimen was set on the Portuguese crown, highlighting the historical significance and value of exceptional topaz stones.
Imperial and sherry topaz varieties, characterized by their rich orange and golden hues, are particularly rare and valuable. While both topaz and citrine are generally affordably priced compared to many other gemstones, the rarity of certain colors and the size and clarity of the stone significantly impact market value.
November Birthstone Gift Ideas
A variety of jewelry options are available for those seeking a November birthstone gift. For topaz, asymmetrical earrings featuring smoky and mixed stones, or 14k gold earrings with imperial topaz are popular choices. For citrine, options include silver asymmetrical earrings with carnelian and smoky quartz, or gemstone clusters. The choice between topaz and citrine ultimately depends on personal preference and the desired aesthetic.
Conclusion
November’s birthstones, topaz and citrine, offer a beautiful and meaningful choice for those born in the eleventh month. Topaz, with its rich history and diverse colors, symbolizes strength and protection. Citrine, known for its warm hues and association with abundance, embodies confidence and joy. Both gemstones provide a vibrant and accessible way to celebrate a November birthday, offering a connection to ancient lore and the enduring beauty of the natural world.