December is unique among birth months, boasting not one, but four recognized birthstones: blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. Each of these gems offers a distinct color, history, and symbolism, providing a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year. From the serene blues of topaz and zircon to the historic allure of turquoise and the relatively recent discovery of tanzanite, these gemstones embody the beauty and spirit of December.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with birth months has evolved over centuries. Turquoise holds the longest history of the December birthstones, having been cherished for millennia by cultures across the globe. Ancient Egyptians adorned themselves with turquoise, and Chinese artisans were carving the stone over 3,000 years ago. It was believed to possess protective powers, guaranteeing health and good fortune, and even preventing falls – with a superstition that it would break at the approach of disaster. Hindu mystics associated turquoise with wealth after beholding the new moon.
Zircon, while also ancient in origin, has a less documented early history specifically tied to December. Its name derives from the Sanskrit word for “fire,” hinting at its early appreciation for its brilliance. Blue topaz and tanzanite, however, are relatively modern additions to the December birthstone family. Topaz has been known for centuries, but the commercially available blue varieties are largely a product of irradiation techniques applied to naturally colorless stones. Tanzanite, discovered in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro, is a 20th-century find, quickly gaining popularity for its captivating violet-blue hues. The inclusion of multiple stones reflects evolving preferences and the desire to offer a wider selection to those celebrating a December birth.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are as varied as the stones themselves. Turquoise, a semi-translucent to opaque gem, is a copper aluminum phosphate formed when chemicals seep through rock in semi-humid and dry environments. Its color, ranging from blue to green, is determined by the presence of copper and iron.
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. While naturally occurring blue topaz exists, most commercially available blue topaz is created by irradiating colorless topaz. The process enhances the stone’s color, resulting in the vibrant blues seen in jewelry.
Zircon forms in metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks. It can occur in a variety of colors, but the blue varieties are particularly prized.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is found in a very limited geographical area: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. This restricted source contributes to its rarity and value.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and desirability.
Turquoise: This gem ranges from blue to green in color and is often characterized by veins of matrix – remnants of the rock in which it formed. It is opaque and relatively soft, making it susceptible to scratching.
Blue Topaz: Blue topaz exhibits a glass-like luster and deep cleavage, meaning it can split along certain planes. It is harder than turquoise, making it more durable for everyday wear. Different shades of blue topaz are categorized as follows:
- London Blue topaz: Deep, inky blue.
- Swiss Blue topaz: Vibrant, medium light blue.
- Sky Blue topaz: Light aqua color.
Its chemical formula is Al2SiO4(F,OH)4.
Zircon: Zircon displays a strong double refraction, meaning light splits into two rays as it passes through the stone, contributing to its brilliance. Its hardness is relatively high, making it suitable for jewelry.
Tanzanite: Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle. It is relatively soft compared to topaz and zircon, requiring careful handling.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) | Luster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | Blue to Green | 5-6 | Waxy to Subvitreous |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 | Shades of Blue | 8 | Vitreous |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | Various, including Blue | 6.5-7.5 | Adamantine |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | Blue, Violet, Burgundy | 6-7 | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these December birthstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, promoting self-expression, and encouraging compassion. It was believed to safeguard against harm and bring good fortune.
Blue topaz is linked to calmness, communication, and emotional balance. It is thought to promote honesty and openness.
Zircon is believed to enhance mental clarity, intuition, and grounding. It is sometimes associated with prosperity and wisdom.
Tanzanite is considered a stone of transformation, facilitating spiritual growth and awakening. It is thought to connect the wearer to higher consciousness.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. It is best cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water.
Blue topaz, with its greater hardness, is more durable but can still be scratched. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are recommended for cleaning.
Zircon should also be cleaned with mild soap and water, avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners.
Tanzanite, being relatively soft, requires gentle handling. Avoid exposure to heat, steam, and ultrasonic cleaners. Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap and water.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite – offer a captivating array of colors, histories, and meanings. From the ancient protective powers of turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite, these gemstones embody the beauty and spirit of the month. Their versatility allows them to shine in a variety of styles, making them meaningful gifts or personal treasures. Understanding their unique properties and symbolism allows for a deeper appreciation of these timeless gems.