August is unique among the months, possessing not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and onyx. This tradition reflects a rich history of cultural beliefs and evolving gemological understanding. While most months are represented by a single gemstone, August offers a diverse palette of colors, symbolism, and fascinating origins. This article will explore the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and significance of each of these August birthstones, drawing upon historical accounts and modern gemological knowledge.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with early connections found in religious texts and folklore. The practice originated with the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus, which featured twelve gemstones representing the tribes of Israel. These stones were later linked to the zodiac signs and, eventually, to the months of the year.
Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the original birthstone for August, with a history spanning over 4,000 years. Onyx, in particular, has a long-standing association with the zodiac sign Leo (July 23 – August 22), believed to promote mental clarity, stability, and self-control. This is particularly relevant for Leos, who are often described as dramatic and audacious, and may benefit from grounding and focus.
Peridot is considered a “traditional” August birthstone, while spinel is the most recent addition, officially gaining recognition in 2016. Throughout history, peridot was often mistaken for other gems, including emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea was, in fact, a source of peridot, leading to the misnomer. Notably, gems adorning the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, previously believed to be emeralds, are actually peridot. Some historians even suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have consisted largely of peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation of these three birthstones occurs through distinct geological processes. Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites originating from outer space. Its mineral composition is olivine.
Spinel’s origins are closely tied to the formation of other gemstones. It often occurs alongside rubies and sapphires in metamorphic rocks. For centuries, red spinel was frequently mistaken for ruby, leading to its underappreciation until recently.
Onyx, a variety of chalcedony, forms in the cavities of lava flows. It is created through the deposition of silica from groundwater.
Specific source locations are not detailed extensively within the provided sources, but the historical significance of the Red Sea region for peridot is noted.
Gemological Properties
Each of the August birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and value.
Peridot: This gem is the yellowish-green to greenish-yellow variety of the mineral olivine. Its refractive index ranges from 1.65 to 1.69, with a birefringence of 0.035 to 0.038. Peridot has a specific gravity of 3.34 and a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratching.
Spinel: While the sources do not provide specific gemological properties for spinel, they indicate its recent recognition as a significant gemstone, particularly as an alternative to ruby.
Onyx: The sources do not provide specific gemological properties for onyx.
The following table summarizes the gemological properties of Peridot:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish Green to Greenish Yellow |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 - 1.69 |
| Birefringence | 0.035 - 0.038 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 - 7 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Birthstones are often imbued with symbolic meanings and believed to possess metaphysical properties. Individuals born in August, linked to the Leo and Virgo zodiac signs, are often described as strong-willed, practical, and natural-born leaders.
Onyx is associated with promoting mental clarity, stability, and self-control, making it a beneficial stone for Leos. Carnelian, the birthstone for Virgo, is believed to combat self-criticism and inspire joy, aiding the perfectionistic tendencies often associated with this sign. Peridot, linked to the Libra zodiac sign, is thought to bring good fortune.
The concept of birthstones is rooted in the belief that these gems offer protection and enhance personal attributes, influenced by historical, cultural, and spiritual beliefs. Those born in August are said to have high expectations and use them to motivate others, and the birthstones are believed to enhance these qualities.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources offer limited information regarding the specific care and cleaning of these gemstones. However, given peridot’s Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, it is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended. Further information on the care of spinel and onyx would require additional sources.
Conclusion
August’s trio of birthstones – peridot, spinel, and onyx – represent a fascinating intersection of history, geology, and cultural belief. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the recent recognition of spinel, these gemstones offer a diverse range of colors, symbolism, and potential benefits. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these August birthstones continue to captivate and inspire. The tradition of associating gemstones with birth months remains a vibrant part of our cultural heritage, offering a personal connection to the natural world and a celebration of individuality.