September, a month of transition, is celebrated in gemology as a time rich with symbolism and history. It is marked by two primary birthstones—blue sapphire and lapis lazuli—alongside several other traditional and cultural stones. These gems, each with unique properties and meanings, have captivated cultures and civilizations for centuries. From ancient royalty to modern collectors, the September birthstones are revered for their beauty, rarity, and the spiritual significance they carry.
This article delves into the multifaceted world of September's birthstones, examining their geological origins, historical roles, symbolic meanings, and practical care. The focus will be on the official September birthstone—blue sapphire—and its counterpart, lapis lazuli. Additionally, the article will explore other gemstones associated with September in various traditions, including peridot, zircon, agate, sardonyx, and moonstone.
History and Lore
The September birthstones have a long and storied history, often intertwined with the spiritual and cultural practices of ancient civilizations. Sapphire, the official birthstone of September, has been a symbol of wisdom, truth, and divine favor since antiquity. Its deep blue color, reminiscent of the sky and the sea, has been associated with the heavens and the cosmos.
In ancient Greece and Rome, sapphire was believed to offer protection from harm and envy. The gem was often worn by scholars and philosophers, who saw it as a stone that enhanced intellectual pursuits and fostered clarity of thought. During the Middle Ages, sapphire became a symbol of Heaven, worn by clerics who sought to embody its purity and righteousness.
Lapis lazuli, the alternative September birthstone, also carries a rich historical legacy. This deep blue gem, often flecked with golden pyrite, was a favorite of Egyptian royalty. It was used in the adornment of the sarcophagus of Pharaoh Tutankhamun and was believed to connect the wearer with the divine. In medieval Europe, lapis lazuli was prized for its spiritual properties, thought to promote mental clarity and serenity.
Beyond these two, peridot and zircon have also been historically linked to September. Peridot, once considered the birthstone for this month in several ancient calendars, is associated with positive energy and the removal of emotional blockages. Zircon, particularly in its blue variety, is another traditional September gemstone, believed to bring wisdom and divine insight.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological formation and geographical sources of September birthstones reflect the natural processes and locations that give these gems their unique properties and beauty.
Sapphire
Sapphire, the official September birthstone, is a variety of the mineral corundum. It forms deep within the Earth’s crust under high pressure and temperature conditions. The corundum crystal structure is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), and its color is typically derived from trace elements. In the case of blue sapphire, the blue coloration is primarily due to the presence of iron and titanium.
Sapphires are found in a variety of locations around the world. Some of the most notable sources include:
- Sri Lanka: Known for producing high-quality blue sapphires, Sri Lanka has been a major source for centuries.
- Madagascar: This island nation is one of the largest producers of sapphires today, yielding a wide range of colors.
- Bangladesh: The Mogh Forest area in the Chittagong region is renowned for its rich deposits of sapphires.
- Australia: Australia is a major source of both blue and other-colored sapphires, particularly in the state of New South Wales.
- India and Myanmar (Burma): These regions have historically been significant sources of sapphires, particularly the famous "pigeon’s blood" sapphires from Burma.
Sapphires are typically mined using alluvial and underground mining methods. Alluvial mining involves sifting through riverbeds and stream deposits where sapphires have been naturally eroded from their primary sources and deposited over time.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with smaller amounts of other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. Its deep blue color comes from the presence of lazurite, which contains sulfur and is responsible for the characteristic blue hue. The golden flecks of pyrite in lapis lazuli add a shimmering effect, making it a visually striking gemstone.
The primary source of lapis lazuli is:
- Afghanistan: The most famous and historically significant source of lapis lazuli, the Sar-i-Pul province in Afghanistan has been producing this gem for thousands of years. The deposits there are some of the richest and highest quality in the world.
Other sources of lapis lazuli include:
- Russia: Known for producing high-quality lapis lazuli, especially during the 18th and 19th centuries.
- Chile: The Chilean deposits are known for producing a lighter blue lapis lazuli with a more uniform color.
- Mozambique: A more recent source of high-quality lapis lazuli, particularly in the Tete region.
Lapis lazuli is typically mined using surface and underground methods, depending on the location of the deposits. The gem is often found in veins and pockets within metamorphic rock formations.
Peridot
Peridot is a silicate mineral, composed primarily of magnesium and iron. It forms in the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Peridot is known for its vivid green color, which is caused by the presence of iron in its chemical structure.
The primary sources of peridot include:
- Zambia: Known for producing some of the finest peridot in the world, Zambia's deposits are particularly famous for their high clarity and vibrant color.
- Brazil: Brazil is another major producer of peridot, with deposits in the state of Minas Gerais.
- Nigeria: Nigeria has significant peridot deposits, particularly in the Jos Plateau region.
- The United States: Arizona is a notable source of peridot, with the state even designating it as its official state gemstone.
Peridot is typically mined using open-pit and underground methods, with alluvial deposits also being a source of the gemstone in some regions.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of September birthstones is essential for appreciating their beauty and value. These properties include hardness, refractive index, specific gravity, and color, among others.
Sapphire
Sapphire is a highly valued gemstone known for its durability and brilliance. Here are the key gemological properties of sapphire:
- Hardness: On the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, sapphire ranks a 9, making it one of the hardest gemstones after diamond (which ranks a 10). This high hardness makes sapphire suitable for everyday wear in jewelry.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of sapphire ranges from 1.76 to 1.78. This means that light entering the gem is bent at a significant angle, contributing to its brilliance.
- Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of sapphire is approximately 4.00, which refers to the density of the gemstone relative to water.
- Color: While sapphire is most commonly associated with blue, it can occur in a wide range of colors, including pink, yellow, green, and even colorless (which is referred to as white sapphire).
- Clarity: Sapphires are often found with inclusions, which are natural imperfections that can affect the gem's clarity. However, these inclusions are typically not visible to the naked eye and can add to the gem's character.
- Cut and Shape: Sapphires are commonly cut into various shapes, including round, oval, cushion, and princess cuts. The cut is designed to maximize the gem's brilliance and color.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli, while not a gemstone in the traditional sense (as it is a rock rather than a single mineral), is highly prized for its beauty and historical significance. Here are the key gemological properties of lapis lazuli:
- Hardness: On the Mohs scale, lapis lazuli has a hardness of 5 to 6. This makes it less durable than sapphire and more prone to scratches and damage.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of lapis lazuli is approximately 1.5 to 1.7, which is lower than that of sapphire. This results in a less brilliant appearance, but the gem’s deep blue color and golden pyrite inclusions give it a unique charm.
- Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of lapis lazuli ranges from 2.4 to 2.8, making it relatively light for a gemstone.
- Color: The primary color of lapis lazuli is a deep blue, which can vary in intensity. The presence of pyrite gives the gem a shimmering effect, while calcite inclusions can create white streaks or patches.
- Clarity: Lapis lazuli is typically opaque, with no transparency. Its value is determined by the intensity of its blue color and the distribution of pyrite inclusions.
- Cut and Shape: Lapis lazuli is often cut into cabochons, which are smooth, rounded shapes that highlight the gem’s color and texture. It is also used in beads and carved pieces.
Peridot
Peridot is a popular gemstone known for its vibrant green color and affordability. Here are the key gemological properties of peridot:
- Hardness: On the Mohs scale, peridot ranks a 6.5 to 7, making it relatively durable but not as hard as sapphire. It is suitable for everyday wear in jewelry but should be handled with care to avoid scratches.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of peridot ranges from 1.65 to 1.69. This gives the gem a moderate level of brilliance and sparkle.
- Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of peridot is approximately 3.34, which is relatively high for a gemstone of its hardness.
- Color: Peridot is known for its rich green color, which can range from a light yellow-green to a deep olive green. The color is caused by the presence of iron in the gem’s chemical structure.
- Clarity: Peridot is often found with inclusions, which can be visible to the naked eye. These inclusions are typically not considered flaws but rather part of the gem’s natural beauty.
- Cut and Shape: Peridot is commonly cut into round, oval, and cushion shapes. The cut is designed to enhance the gem’s color and brilliance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The September birthstones have been imbued with a wide range of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs across different cultures and eras. These beliefs often reflect the values and aspirations of the people who revered these gems.
Sapphire
Sapphire has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and divine favor. In ancient times, it was believed to offer protection from harm and envy. The gem was often worn by scholars and philosophers, who saw it as a stone that enhanced intellectual pursuits and fostered clarity of thought.
During the Middle Ages, sapphire became a symbol of Heaven, worn by clerics who sought to embody its purity and righteousness. In medieval Europe, sapphire was also believed to have healing properties, particularly for diseases of the eye and the mind.
In modern times, sapphire continues to be associated with loyalty, nobility, and the soul. It is often used in engagement rings and other jewelry as a symbol of enduring love and fidelity.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has been revered for its spiritual and mental properties. In ancient Egypt, it was used in the adornment of royalty and was believed to connect the wearer with the divine. In medieval Europe, lapis lazuli was prized for its ability to promote mental clarity and serenity.
The gemstone is also associated with self-mastery and the stars. It is believed to enhance one’s ability to communicate and express ideas clearly, making it a popular stone for those in the fields of speech, writing, and leadership.
Peridot
Peridot is associated with positive energy and the removal of emotional blockages. It is believed to open the heart chakra and promote emotional healing. In ancient times, peridot was thought to help in finding missing items and was often carried by travelers for protection.
The gemstone is also associated with prosperity and good fortune. It is believed to bring luck and abundance to those who wear it, making it a popular stone for business and financial endeavors.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of September birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements based on its hardness, durability, and sensitivity to environmental factors.
Sapphire
Sapphire is a durable gemstone that can withstand everyday wear, but it still requires proper care to maintain its brilliance. Here are some tips for caring for sapphire:
- Cleaning: Sapphire can be cleaned using a mild detergent and warm water. Use a soft brush to gently scrub the gem and a soft cloth to dry it. Avoid using harsh chemicals, as they can damage the gem or any coatings it may have.
- Storage: Store sapphire jewelry in a soft pouch or a jewelry box to prevent scratches. If you are storing multiple pieces of jewelry, keep them separate to avoid contact with harder gemstones.
- Avoiding Heat and Sunlight: While sapphire is generally resistant to heat, prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause it to lose its luster. Avoid leaving sapphire jewelry in direct sunlight for extended periods.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a softer gemstone and requires more delicate care. Here are some tips for caring for lapis lazuli:
- Cleaning: Clean lapis lazuli with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid using water or harsh chemicals, as they can damage the gem or dissolve the calcite inclusions.
- Storage: Store lapis lazuli in a soft pouch or a jewelry box to prevent scratches. Avoid storing it with harder gemstones, as they can scratch the surface.
- Avoiding Heat and Sunlight: Lapis lazuli is sensitive to heat and can lose its color if exposed to high temperatures. Avoid leaving lapis lazuli jewelry in direct sunlight or in a hot environment for extended periods.
Peridot
Peridot is a relatively durable gemstone, but it still requires proper care to maintain its beauty. Here are some tips for caring for peridot:
- Cleaning: Clean peridot with a mild detergent and warm water. Use a soft brush to gently scrub the gem and a soft cloth to dry it. Avoid using harsh chemicals, as they can damage the gem.
- Storage: Store peridot jewelry in a soft pouch or a jewelry box to prevent scratches. If you are storing multiple pieces of jewelry, keep them separate to avoid contact with harder gemstones.
- Avoiding Heat and Sunlight: Peridot is sensitive to heat and can lose its color if exposed to high temperatures. Avoid leaving peridot jewelry in direct sunlight or in a hot environment for extended periods.
Conclusion
The September birthstones—sapphire, lapis lazuli, and their companions—represent a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and beauty. From the deep blue sapphire, a symbol of wisdom and nobility, to the shimmering lapis lazuli, a gem of ancient royalty, each of these stones carries a unique legacy. Their geological origins, cultural significance, and practical care requirements reflect the enduring fascination with gemstones across time and civilizations.
For those born in September, these birthstones offer not only a connection to their birth month but also a link to the natural and spiritual worlds. Whether worn as jewelry or collected for their beauty and meaning, the September birthstones continue to captivate and inspire.