December is unique among months, possessing not one, but three recognized birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon, with blue zircon being particularly prominent. The name “December” itself originates from the Latin decem, meaning “ten,” reflecting its historical position as the tenth month in the Roman calendar. This month is associated with transitions, gatherings, and the warmth found amidst the colder season. Each of these gemstones carries its own distinct history, symbolism, and appeal, making December a richly diverse month for gemstone enthusiasts.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months has evolved over time. Early birthstone lists, inspired by Biblical texts, initially designated ruby as the stone for December. However, the modern birthstone list has undergone several revisions. Turquoise first appeared as a December birthstone in 1870, as documented in Tiffany & Co.’s “Gregorian Birthstone Poems.” By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) listed turquoise as the primary stone, with lapis lazuli as an alternative. Zircon was added to the list in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and tanzanite was the most recent addition in 2002. While turquoise has the longest consistent association with December, each gemstone holds its own unique lore and significance.
Turquoise: A Stone of Ancient Protection
Turquoise has been admired for millennia, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt and China. Pharaohs and rulers of ancient Egypt adorned themselves with turquoise, and Chinese artisans were carving the stone over 3,000 years ago. The gemstone is recognized for its vivid blue-green color, often displaying veins of matrix – remnants of the host rock in which it formed. These matrix patterns contribute to the stone’s unique character.
Historically, turquoise was believed to possess protective powers. From the 13th century onward, it was thought to safeguard wearers from falls, particularly while riding horses, and to shatter at the approach of danger. In Hindu traditions, viewing turquoise after observing the new moon was believed to bring great wealth. Specific shades of turquoise have been given identifying names based on color intensity, including “robin’s egg blue,” “Persian blue,” and “sky blue.”
Turquoise is sourced from several locations, including the Nishapur district of Iran, where it has been mined for over 1,000 years. Modern sources also include Mexico, Nevada, and Arizona in the United States, as well as China. Its enduring popularity and striking beauty have cemented its place as a timeless gemstone.
Tanzanite: A Twentieth-Century Discovery
Tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the world of gemstones, first discovered in Tanzania in 1967. The gemstone is prized for its unique color range, encompassing shades of blue-violet. This blend of colors is often described as the perfect combination, and its appearance is frequently compared to that of sapphire. Tanzanite with a saturated blue hue is considered the most valuable. Despite its recent discovery, tanzanite has quickly become a prized gemstone due to its rarity and captivating beauty. The gem is exclusively found in Tanzania, and its name reflects its country of origin.
Zircon: A Spectrum of Sparkle
While often associated with blue varieties, zircon actually occurs in a wide range of colors, including golden, red, and even clear. The clear varieties can exhibit a brilliance comparable to diamonds. Blue zircon is a popular choice as a December birthstone, offering a vibrant and radiant alternative to turquoise and tanzanite.
Gemological Properties
The provided sources offer limited detailed gemological data. However, some properties can be inferred:
- Turquoise: Semi-translucent to opaque, ranging from blue to green, often with matrix inclusions.
- Tanzanite: Exhibits a blue-violet color range.
- Zircon: Available in multiple colors, including blue, golden, red, and clear.
Further detailed gemological properties, such as hardness, refractive index, and chemical composition, are not provided within the given sources.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these December birthstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise has long been associated with good health and fortune. Tanzanite, while newer to the gemstone world, is valued for its beauty and rarity, symbolizing transformation and new beginnings. Zircon, with its diverse colors, is believed to promote wisdom and prosperity. The cool blue tones of all three stones are often linked to calmness, serenity, and the winter season.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for these gemstones. However, given the general properties of these stones, some inferences can be made. Turquoise, being a relatively softer stone, requires gentle handling and should be protected from harsh chemicals and impacts. Tanzanite and zircon, while generally more durable, should still be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, avoiding ultrasonic cleaners and harsh abrasives.
December Birthstone Variations
The sources indicate that December has more than one birthstone, with Blue Topaz and Blue Zircon also being considered options. The choice of birthstone ultimately depends on personal preference, as each gem offers a unique shade of blue and a distinct personality. A table summarizing the December birthstones is provided below:
| Birthstone | Color Range | Historical Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green | Ancient protection, good health, good fortune |
| Tanzanite | Blue-Violet | Recent discovery, transformation, new beginnings |
| Zircon | Blue, Golden, Red, Clear | Wisdom, prosperity, brilliance |
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones. From the ancient protective powers attributed to turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite and the radiant sparkle of zircon, each stone offers a unique appeal. The evolution of the December birthstone list reflects changing traditions and discoveries, but the enduring symbolism and beauty of these gems continue to resonate with those born in the final month of the year.