December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, offering not one, but three primary gems – Turquoise, Zircon, and Tanzanite – alongside the frequently mentioned Blue Topaz. Each of these gemstones embodies a distinct shade of blue, reflecting the cool tones of the winter season, and carries a rich history and symbolism. While Turquoise holds the longest tradition as a December birthstone, Zircon and Tanzanite provide compelling alternatives, each with its own allure and significance. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural associations of these three December birthstones.
A History Rooted in Tradition and Modern Discovery
Turquoise has the most established history as a December birthstone, with use dating back to ancient civilizations. Found in Persia and along the Sinai Peninsula, it traveled to Europe through the gem markets of Constantinople, Turkey, hence its name, derived from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone.” From the earliest times, turquoise was favored for creating amulets, easily cut into shapes and inscribed with protective symbols. It was believed to offer protection against danger and bring good fortune, safeguarding relationships and warning wearers of impending illness or danger through a perceived change in color. Tibetan culture revered turquoise as a stone of fortune, health, and success, even utilizing it as a form of currency. Ancient Incas and Mayas offered turquoise as gifts to their gods, while Native Americans of the Southwest associated it with youth and strength, believing a combination with gold symbolized vitality and longevity.
Zircon, also a December birthstone, boasts a name originating from the Arabic word for “jewel” and the Sanskrit term ‘rahuratna,’ linked to the Nodes of the Moon. Its history is steeped in ancient beliefs, with physicians in the Middle Ages wearing it on their left fingers to aid in diagnosis. It was considered a potent amulet against evil spirits and even used during the Black Death plague in Europe. In India, zircon was believed to be more powerful when set in gold.
Tanzanite, the newest addition to the December birthstone family, was discovered in Tanzania in 1967 and aptly named by Tiffany & Co. Its relatively recent discovery distinguishes it from the long-held traditions surrounding Turquoise and Zircon. However, its striking beauty quickly gained popularity, even attracting attention from celebrities like Anne Hathaway, Cate Blanchett, Sarah Jessica Parker, and reportedly, a gift from Jay Z to Beyoncé for the birth of their daughter.
Geological Origins and Global Sources
The sources of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise is historically found in Persia and the Sinai Peninsula, but is also sourced from the Southwestern United States. Zircon is more widely distributed, with approximately 70% of the world’s supply originating from Australia and South Africa. Significant deposits are also found in Sri Lanka and India. Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one small region of Tanzania, contributing to its rarity and value.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of these birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties.
| Property | Turquoise | Zircon | Tanzanite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Color | Blue-green | Colorless, red, gold, blue | Blue, violet, burgundy |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5-6 | 6.5-7.5 | 6-7 |
| Chemical Formula | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | ZrSiO4 | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) |
| Refractive Index | 1.61-1.62 | 1.81-2.02 | 1.48-1.62 |
| Transparency | Opaque | Transparent | Transparent |
Turquoise is known for its opaque nature and varying shades of blue-green, influenced by the presence of copper and iron. Zircon exhibits a wider range of colors, with colorless varieties (jargoon) closely resembling diamonds in appearance, though softer. Tanzanite displays a captivating pleochroism, appearing blue under fluorescent light and violet under standard artificial light. The rough stones of Tanzanite are often heated to remove brown-burgundy hues, enhancing the desired blue and violet tones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise was prized by lovers and married couples as a protector of relationships and a preserver of friendship. Hindu mystics believed holding turquoise during a new moon would bring wealth. Zircon was considered a counteracting force against evil spirits and a symbol of wisdom, associated with figures like Joseph the Wise and even believed to be set in King Solomon’s ring. Sapphire, often linked to December, was also regarded as a gemstone of divine and beautiful thoughts, protecting against evil forces.
Tanzanite, while newer to the symbolic landscape, is associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual awareness. Its connection to Tanzania and its relatively recent discovery contribute to a sense of modern mystique. Emerald, sometimes associated with December through astrological connections, symbolizes rebirth and love, linked to the Egyptian goddess Venus and believed to ensure safe childbirth and family happiness. Chalcedony, also linked to December through astrological interpretations, was thought to reconcile enemies and foster friendships.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their varying hardness levels, these birthstones require different care. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning should be done gently with a soft cloth and mild soap. Zircon, with its higher hardness, is more durable but can still be chipped with a strong blow. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Tanzanite, while relatively hard, is sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes. Cleaning should be done with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth, avoiding ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – Turquoise, Zircon, and Tanzanite – represent a captivating blend of ancient tradition and modern discovery. From the protective powers attributed to Turquoise by ancient civilizations to the diamond-like brilliance of Zircon and the captivating pleochroism of Tanzanite, each gemstone offers a unique beauty and symbolism. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these blue-toned gems provide December-born individuals with a meaningful and diverse range of options to celebrate their birth month.