December is unique among the calendar months in possessing not one, but four recognized birthstones: turquoise, blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite. Each of these gemstones offers a distinct shade of blue, mirroring the cool tones of the winter season, and carries its own rich history and symbolism. While turquoise holds the distinction as the most traditional December birthstone, the inclusion of zircon, topaz, and the relatively recent discovery of tanzanite provides a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year.
History and Lore
The history of December’s birthstones is a story of evolving traditions. For centuries, ruby and bloodstone were considered the primary gems associated with December, a practice continuing until the 20th century. However, by 1912, the United States designated lapis lazuli and turquoise as December birthstones. More recently, in 2013, England officially recognized turquoise and tanzanite as the gems for December. Today, the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America acknowledge all four – turquoise, blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite – as December birthstones.
Turquoise boasts the longest and most storied past of the four. Its use dates back millennia, with evidence of its adornment of pharaohs and rulers in ancient Egypt. Chinese artisans were carving turquoise over 3,000 years ago. Throughout history, turquoise has been believed to possess protective qualities. From the 13th century onward, it was thought to safeguard wearers from falls, particularly while riding horses, and was even believed to fracture at the approach of disaster. Hindu mystics associated viewing turquoise after a new moon with the attainment of wealth.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is a relatively modern addition to the birthstone family, having been discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Blue zircon and blue topaz have enjoyed long-standing popularity as gemstones, though their association specifically with December is more recent.
Geological Formation and Sources
The sources for these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise, as its name suggests, is often found in turquoise-colored regions, though it is mined in various locations worldwide. The formation of turquoise involves weathering of copper-rich rocks, often in arid environments.
Blue zircon is found in a variety of locations, including Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Australia. Blue topaz is commonly sourced from Brazil, Nigeria, and Russia. Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its relative rarity and value.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties. Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, ranging in color from blue to green, often exhibiting veins of matrix – remnants of the host rock – running through it. These veins can appear brown or black. It can feel waxy to the touch and has a glassy or dull appearance.
Blue zircon exhibits a range of colors, but the blue varieties are particularly prized. Zircon can also be found in golden, red, and clear forms, sometimes displaying a brilliance comparable to diamonds.
Blue topaz is known for its icy blue clarity and is typically a transparent gemstone. It is a relatively hard stone, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry settings.
Tanzanite is characterized by its violet-blue shimmer, often reminiscent of sapphire. It is a pleochroic gem, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles.
A comparison of hardness, based on the Mohs scale, is as follows (though the sources do not provide this data directly, it is common gemological knowledge and can be used for comparative context):
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Turquoise | 5-6 |
| Blue Zircon | 6.5-7.5 |
| Blue Topaz | 8 |
| Tanzanite | 6-7 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise has long been associated with wisdom, tranquility, and protection, promoting positive energy and harmony. It was believed to ensure good health and fortune.
Blue zircon is often linked to prosperity and wisdom. Blue topaz is thought to promote communication and self-expression. Tanzanite is believed to stimulate intuition and spiritual growth.
Turquoise is specifically associated with emotional balance, soothing the mind and releasing stress, anxiety, and depression. It is believed to encourage self-realization and aid in articulating one’s feelings.
Care and Cleaning
The care required for each December birthstone varies based on its hardness and other properties. Turquoise, being relatively soft, requires gentle handling and should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water.
Blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite are more durable but should still be handled with care. They can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided, particularly for tanzanite, as they can damage the stone.
December’s Notable Dates and Associations
The month of December is marked by significant historical events and figures. The sources highlight several key dates, including Theodore Roosevelt winning the Nobel Peace Prize (December 1, 1906), Rosa Parks’ refusal to give up her seat on a bus (December 1, 1953), the announcement of the Monroe Doctrine (December 2, 1823), and the United States’ entry into World War II (December 8, 1941). These events, alongside the completion of the Washington Monument (December 6, 1884) and the launch of Apollo 17 (December 7, 1972), underscore December’s place in history.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, each gem offers a unique connection to the month of December and provides a meaningful choice for those born within it. The varied hues of blue, coupled with the diverse metaphysical properties attributed to each stone, ensure that there is a December birthstone to resonate with every individual. The evolving tradition of December birthstones reflects a continuing appreciation for the beauty and power of gemstones throughout the ages.