August boasts a unique distinction among birthstones: not one, but three gemstones represent the month – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot and spinel are considered the modern birthstones, sardonyx holds a historical significance as the original August gem. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these three captivating stones, offering a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the rich heritage of birthstones.
History and Lore
Sardonyx holds the longest documented history of the three, referenced several times in the Bible and utilized in ancient artifacts. It was included in the high priest’s breastplate and considered one of the foundation stones of Jerusalem, indicating its importance in ancient cultures. Its use dates back over 4,000 years.
Peridot’s history is intertwined with that of topaz, with ancient texts often using the name “topaz” to refer to what is now known as peridot. The island of Topazios, historically believed to be the source of topaz, actually yielded peridot. Throughout history, peridot has been frequently mistaken for other gems, including emeralds. Some historians even suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot. The gem was highly prized by the Egyptians, who called it “the gem of the Sun” and attributed healing powers to it.
Spinel’s story is one of mistaken identity. For centuries, vibrant red spinels were misidentified as rubies, even adorning the crown jewels of various nations. It wasn’t until the late 18th century, with advancements in gemological technology, that spinel was recognized as a distinct mineral. Prior to this, it was known as “balas ruby” and highly sought after by royalty. The American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA) officially recognized spinel as an August birthstone in 2016, marking only the third update to the modern birthstone list since its creation in 1912. This addition reflects a growing appreciation for spinel’s unique beauty and historical significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed in the Earth’s upper mantle and brought to the surface by volcanic activity. It has been found in volcanic lava, notably in Hawaii, where it is deeply embedded in the local culture and believed to be the tears of the volcanic goddess, Pele. Significant sources of peridot also include Egypt, where it was first discovered, Myanmar (Burma), and Vietnam, with Vietnamese peridot being particularly valued for its varied shades of green.
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. While it can be found in various locations worldwide, specific sources are known for producing exceptional quality spinels. Red spinels are particularly prized, and historically, sources were often associated with ruby deposits.
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, a form of silica, and is formed through the banding of sard (red) and onyx (black) layers. Its formation occurs in volcanic and sedimentary environments.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, indicating it is primarily composed of olivine, magnesium, and iron. The amount of iron present dictates the intensity of its color, ranging from yellowish-green to olive green, with the most valuable stones exhibiting a brilliant, distinct green hue. Peridot is known for its ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light, earning it the nickname “evening emerald,” though it is distinct from emerald in its composition and properties.
Spinel’s color range is remarkably diverse, encompassing shades of red, pink, blue, purple, and green. Specific color variations have industry-specific names, such as rubicelle (yellow-orange), almandine (purple), sapphirine (blue), and chlorospinel (green). The gem’s hardness and brilliance make it a desirable alternative to ruby.
Sardonyx is characterized by its parallel banding of red and black layers, creating a distinctive appearance. It is a variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties, where available from the sources:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color Range | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 | Light Green to Olive Green | "Evening Emerald," found in meteorites |
| Spinel | Not specified | Red, Pink, Blue, Purple, Green | Diverse color range, historically mistaken for ruby |
| Sardonyx | Not specified | Banded Red and Black | Variety of chalcedony |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is associated with good health, peace, and harmony. It is often referred to as the “gem of compassion” and believed to bring renewal and calm. It is also thought to promote restful sleep and alleviate anger and depression. Peridot is the traditional gemstone for celebrating the 15th wedding anniversary.
Spinel is believed to possess refreshing properties, renewing energy and fostering humility in victory. It is associated with perseverance and the acceptance of success with grace.
Sardonyx, with its ancient roots, symbolizes courage, happiness, and clear communication.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for each gemstone. However, given peridot’s composition and hardness, it should be treated with care to avoid scratches. Spinel, being a durable gemstone, can withstand regular wear, but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Sardonyx, as a variety of chalcedony, is relatively durable but should be cleaned with mild soap and water.
Conclusion
August’s birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – offer a diverse range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient lore surrounding sardonyx to the historical misidentification of spinel as ruby and the volcanic origins of peridot, each gemstone possesses a unique story. The addition of spinel to the modern birthstone list in 2016 reflects a growing appreciation for this often-overlooked gem. Whether chosen for their beauty, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these three stones provide August-born individuals with a wealth of options to celebrate their birth month.