Spinel, a gemstone often mistaken for ruby and sapphire throughout history, has emerged as a recognized and celebrated birthstone for August, alongside peridot. Officially designated as a modern birthstone in 2016 by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA), this addition reflects a growing interest among gem enthusiasts for a wider variety of options. For centuries, spinel’s true identity remained obscured, adorning the crowns and jewels of royalty under the guise of its more famous counterparts. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of spinel, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of spinel is inextricably linked to its historical misidentification. For a considerable period, spinel was unknowingly included amongst rubies and sapphires in royal collections and significant jewelry pieces. It wasn’t until 1783 that spinel was scientifically distinguished from corundum – the mineral family that includes ruby and sapphire – based on differences in their chemical composition and crystalline structure. Ruby is composed of aluminum oxide, while spinel is magnesium aluminum oxide.
Despite its late formal recognition, spinel has a long and storied past. The sources indicate its use dates back to ancient times, with potential connections to the twelve gemstones on Aaron’s breastplate, as described in historical texts. While interpretations of these ancient references vary, the association highlights the long-held belief in the power and significance of gemstones. The designation of spinel as an August birthstone is a relatively recent development, responding to a call from gem enthusiasts to expand the list of official birthstones. The choice was also influenced by the gem’s rich, red color and its historical importance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. While specific details regarding the geological processes are limited within the provided sources, it is noted that spinel can be found in regions like the United States, South Africa, Russia, Myanmar, and other locations. The sources do not provide a detailed account of the specific geological conditions required for spinel formation.
Gemological Properties
Spinel exhibits a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications. Its chemical composition is magnesium aluminum oxide. The gem displays a range of colors, including red, orange, yellow, blue, and even colorless varieties. The red coloration, similar to ruby, is often attributed to chromium impurities within its chemical structure.
The sources do not provide detailed information on spinel’s refractive index, specific gravity, or other advanced gemological properties. However, they do highlight its visual similarity to ruby and sapphire, which historically led to its misidentification.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
While the provided sources do not extensively detail the metaphysical properties of spinel, they do touch upon some associated beliefs. Spinel is described as a stone of manifestation, thoughts, and prosperity, carrying the “power of the sun.” It is believed to prevent the accumulation of negative energy and transform negative thoughts into positive ones, earning it the nickname “merchant’s stone” or “money stone.”
Other birthstones also have associated symbolism. Turquoise, a traditional December birthstone, signifies rarity and special value. Zircon, another December birthstone, is described as historic and marvelous, while Tanzanite, a more recent addition, is considered rare and capable of making dreams come true. Aquamarine, a March birthstone, is linked to purity and good luck, and is believed to help overcome the fear of speaking.
Birthstone Variations and Modern Additions
The concept of birthstones has evolved over time. Traditionally, each month was associated with a single gemstone, rooted in ancient customs and religious beliefs. However, the modern birthstone list, standardized by the Jewelers of America in 1912 and updated periodically, often includes multiple options for each month. This expansion provides consumers with greater choice in terms of style, symbolism, and price.
Recent additions to the modern birthstone chart include spinel (August), citrine (November), and tanzanite (December). These additions reflect both market demand and the discovery of new and appealing gemstones. The inclusion of spinel in August, for example, acknowledges its historical significance and provides a vibrant alternative to peridot.
Care and Cleaning
The sources provide limited information regarding the care and cleaning of spinel. However, given its hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, it is likely relatively durable and can withstand normal wear. General gemstone care practices, such as avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, would likely be appropriate.
A Comparison of Birthstones by Month
The following table summarizes the modern and traditional birthstones, as presented in the provided sources:
| Month | Modern Birthstone(s) | Traditional Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Aquamarine, Bloodstone | Bloodstone |
| April | Diamond | Diamond |
| May | Emerald | Emerald |
| June | Pearl, Moonstone, Alexandrite | Pearl, Moonstone |
| July | Ruby | Ruby |
| August | Peridot, Spinel | Sardonyx |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| October | Tourmaline, Opal | Opal |
| November | Topaz, Citrine | Topaz |
| December | Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite | Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli |
Conclusion
Spinel’s journey from a frequently misidentified gemstone to a recognized and celebrated birthstone exemplifies the evolving understanding of gemology and the enduring appeal of these natural treasures. Its historical significance, coupled with its attractive color and durability, has secured its place as a modern birthstone for August. While the provided sources offer a glimpse into the fascinating world of spinel, further research is needed to fully explore its geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance. The recent addition of spinel to the birthstone list demonstrates a commitment to expanding options and celebrating the diversity of the gemstone world.