The opal, a gemstone celebrated for its captivating play of color, holds a unique and often contradictory place in gemological history and popular culture. Traditionally recognized as the October birthstone, alongside pink tourmaline, the opal’s story is one of fluctuating fortunes, shifting symbolism, and enduring mystique. While historically considered a stone of hope, purity, and truth, the opal has also been burdened with a reputation for bad luck, particularly for those not born in October. This article will delve into the history, lore, geological origins, and symbolism of the opal, examining the origins of its superstitious associations and its enduring appeal.
History and Lore
Throughout much of history, the opal was regarded as a harbinger of good fortune. Ancient Romans prized the opal, referring to it as opalus, meaning “precious gem,” and Greeks associated it with opallios, simply meaning “opal.” Some believe the name may even originate from the Sanskrit word upala, meaning “jewel.” This early reverence suggests a long-held appreciation for the stone’s unique beauty.
However, the opal’s reputation took a dramatic turn during the Victorian era. The publication of Sir Walter Scott’s novel Anne of Geierstein in 1829 significantly contributed to the rise of negative superstitions surrounding the gem. The novel features an opal that reflects the moods of its wearer, losing its brilliance upon her death. This fictional portrayal resonated with Victorian sensibilities and fueled a belief that opals were associated with misfortune.
Further contributing to the opal’s “bad luck” narrative were several tragic events involving a specific opal ring belonging to Spain’s King Alfonso XII in the late 19th century. The ring, initially a gift from a former lover, was linked to the deaths of his wife, grandmother, and sister, solidifying the stone’s ominous reputation in some circles. Stories circulated of the gem losing its color when its wearer fell ill or died, further cementing the association with tragedy.
Despite these developing superstitions, the opal remained a popular gemstone. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers revised the official birthstone list, replacing opal with tourmaline as the primary October birthstone. This decision, however, was driven more by marketing trends – favoring transparent gems – than by any genuine belief in the opal’s ill fortune. The opal continues to be recognized as a traditional October birthstone, and is also considered the birthstone for those born during the 6 PM hour, regardless of their birth month.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opals are unique among gemstones in their formation. Unlike many gems that crystallize, opals are formed from a gel-like silica (SiO2) that fills cavities in the earth. This silica-rich solution gradually hardens over time, creating the characteristic play of color that defines the opal. They are not truly crystalline, but rather an amorphous mineral, representing one of the phases silica can take on its path to becoming stable crystalline quartz.
The most valuable opals are sourced from specific regions known for producing high-quality gems. Australia is the world’s leading producer of opals, particularly black opals, prized for their dark body tone and intense color play. Ethiopia has also emerged as a significant source of opals in recent years. The quality of an opal is determined by several factors, including its origin, color intensity, and the type of color play exhibited. Darker and more intensely colored opals are generally considered more valuable.
Gemological Properties
Opals are relatively soft gemstones, with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6.5. This softness makes them more susceptible to scratches and abrasions compared to harder gems like diamonds or sapphires. Gem cutters often hesitate to work with opals due to this fragility, adhering to the industry adage, “you break it, you bought it.”
The defining characteristic of the opal is its “play of color,” a mesmerizing display of iridescent hues that shift and change as the stone is viewed from different angles. This phenomenon is caused by the diffraction of light as it passes through microscopic spheres of silica within the opal’s structure. The size and arrangement of these spheres determine the colors that are visible.
While opals come in a variety of colors, including white, black, gray, and colorless, the most prized specimens exhibit a vibrant and dynamic play of color across the entire spectrum. The body tone of the opal – the underlying color – also influences its value, with darker body tones generally considered more desirable.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Historically, the opal has been associated with a range of positive attributes. For those born in October, the opal symbolizes hope, purity, and truth. It is also the traditional gift for the 14th wedding anniversary, representing the enduring beauty and changeability of a long-lasting relationship. The shifting colors of the opal are often seen as a reflection of life’s multifaceted nature.
Despite the Victorian-era superstitions, many still believe in the opal’s positive metaphysical properties. Some believe it enhances creativity, inspires love, and promotes emotional healing. Others associate it with psychic abilities and spiritual growth. The opal is often considered a stone of transformation, encouraging individuals to embrace change and unlock their full potential.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness, the opal requires careful handling and maintenance. It is susceptible to scratches and can be damaged by harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures. Opals should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent abrasion.
Cleaning an opal is best done with a soft cloth and lukewarm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or harsh detergents, as these can damage the stone. It is also advisable to avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight or heat, as this can cause the opal to lose its color or become brittle. Given its porous nature, opals can absorb water, so it’s best to avoid soaking them for extended periods.
Conclusion
The opal’s journey through history is a testament to the power of storytelling and the enduring allure of beautiful gemstones. From its early associations with good fortune and divine inspiration to its Victorian-era reputation for bad luck, the opal’s symbolism has evolved over time. Despite the superstitions that have clung to it, the opal remains a cherished gemstone, prized for its unique play of color and its captivating beauty. Whether worn as a birthstone, a symbol of love, or simply as a statement of personal style, the opal continues to enchant and inspire.