August boasts a trio of captivating birthstones: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. While all three hold historical and aesthetic appeal, peridot stands out as the most widely recognized and celebrated gem for those born in this summer month. This article delves into the fascinating world of peridot, exploring its geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is interwoven with tales of mistaken identity and ancient reverence. Throughout much of its early history, peridot was often confused with other green gemstones, notably emerald and topaz. The Red Sea island of Topazios, from which the name “topaz” is derived, was, in fact, a significant source of peridot. Sources indicate that what was once believed to be emeralds adorning the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral are, in reality, peridot gemstones, totaling 200 carats.
Speculation even suggests that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot. This confusion persisted for centuries, adding to the gem’s mystique. Beyond mistaken identity, peridot holds a unique place in geological history, having been discovered in both fallen meteorites and volcanic lava flows. These extraordinary origins contribute to its allure and the perception of its inherent power. The earliest known use of peridot dates back over 4,000 years, with sardonyx being the original August birthstone, but peridot gained prominence over time. In more recent history, spinel was added as an August birthstone in 2016, offering a wider selection for those born in the month.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem born of extreme conditions. It forms deep within the Earth’s mantle, brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Specifically, it is found in hardened lava, a testament to its fiery origins. Remarkably, peridot has also been discovered within Pallasite meteorites, stones that have journeyed from outer space to land on Earth. While meteorite-sourced peridot is often too small for use in jewelry, the occurrence highlights the gem’s unique formation process.
The sources of peridot are geographically diverse. India is noted as a source for sardonyx, but peridot itself is found in various locations around the globe. While specific details on major peridot mining locations are limited within the provided sources, the gem’s association with volcanic regions suggests potential sources in areas with recent volcanic activity.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4, composed primarily of magnesium and iron. The amount of iron present within the crystal structure influences the gem’s color. Peridot’s color ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, with the most desirable stones exhibiting a vibrant lime green or olive-green hue. Some stones may even present brownish tones.
Several key gemological properties define peridot:
- Mineral: Olivine
- Refractive Index: 1.65 to 1.69
- Birefringence: 0.035 to 0.038
- Specific Gravity: 3.34
- Mohs Hardness: 6.5 to 7
Its refractive index and birefringence contribute to its sparkle, and its specific gravity indicates its density. The Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7 places peridot in a range where it is suitable for jewelry but requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. It is often referred to as the “evening emerald” due to its capacity to sparkle under both natural and artificial light.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Peridot is no exception. It is often associated with abundance, protection, and positivity. The gem’s vibrant green color is linked to renewal, growth, and harmony.
August-born individuals are often described as strong-willed, practical, and natural leaders. The choice of birthstone allows them to further enhance these qualities. While the sources do not elaborate on specific metaphysical beliefs beyond these general associations, the gem’s historical connection to ancient cultures and its unique origins suggest a long-held belief in its power and protective qualities.
Care and Cleaning
Given its Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, peridot requires careful handling and maintenance. While relatively durable, it is susceptible to scratches and damage from harder materials. It is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaning, as these can potentially damage the stone.
Cleaning peridot is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Gently scrub the gem to remove any dirt or grime, then rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft cloth. Proper storage is also crucial; peridot should be stored separately from other jewelry to prevent scratches.
The Expanding Roster of August Birthstones
The concept of birthstones has evolved over time. Initially linked to the twelve stones in the high priest’s breastplate representing the twelve tribes of Israel, the modern list of birthstones has been updated since 1912, with various organizations adding new gems to the roster. This has resulted in some months, like August, having multiple birthstones. Alongside peridot, sardonyx and spinel share the honor of representing those born in August. Sardonyx holds historical significance as the original August birthstone, while spinel gained recognition more recently in 2016. This expansion provides individuals with a wider range of choices to suit their personal preferences and styles.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green gem of August, is a stone steeped in history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins and frequent misidentification as emerald to its discovery in meteorites and volcanic lava, peridot’s story is as unique as its vibrant hue. Its gemological properties make it a desirable gemstone for jewelry, while its association with abundance, protection, and positivity adds to its enduring appeal. Whether admired for its beauty, its historical significance, or its perceived metaphysical properties, peridot remains a cherished birthstone for those born under the August sun.