August is unique among the months, possessing not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. These gemstones, each with distinct origins, properties, and historical significance, reflect the vibrancy and warmth of the late summer season. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological characteristics, and symbolism associated with these August birthstones, offering a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the enduring appeal of these captivating gems.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with early connections found in religious texts and folklore. The practice originated with the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus, which featured twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. These stones were believed to correspond to the zodiac signs and, subsequently, the months of the year. While the initial associations have evolved over time, the concept of birthstones as possessing unique properties and significance has persisted.
The modern standardization of birthstones began in 1912 with the American National Retail Jewelers Association, which updated the roster of gems assigned to each month. This led to the inclusion of multiple gemstones for some months, including August, offering a wider range of choices and symbolism. Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the original August birthstone, with a history spanning over 4,000 years. However, peridot and spinel have gained prominence as equally valid representations of the month.
August’s association with Leo (July 23 – August 22) and Virgo (August 23 – September 23) is also reflected in the symbolism of the birthstones. Peridot is often linked to the energetic and vibrant nature of Leo, while spinel and sardonyx resonate with the grounded and balanced traits of Virgo. The significance of these stones extends beyond mere ornamentation; they were historically believed to offer protection, blessings, and even magical powers. Ancient cultures attributed various benefits to each gem, from warding off evil spirits to promoting good health and fortune.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the August birthstones originates through distinct geological processes. Peridot, a variety of the mineral olivine, is formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle. Remarkably, peridot has even been discovered in meteorites, originating from outer space. Historically, the Red Sea island of Topazios was a significant source of peridot, though it was often mistaken for topaz or emerald. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is adorned with gems once believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. Cleopatra herself was rumored to have favored peridot, mistaking it for emerald.
Spinel, once often confused with ruby, is a relatively recent addition to the list of appreciated gemstones. For centuries, red spinel was mistaken for ruby, particularly in historical jewelry collections. Its formation occurs in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits.
Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, is composed of layers of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (banded black and white). It forms through the silica-rich fluids percolating through volcanic or sedimentary rocks.
Gemological Properties
Peridot
Peridot’s distinctive color ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, a result of its iron content. Its chemical composition is (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄, classifying it as an olivine mineral. Gemologically, peridot exhibits a refractive index of 1.65 to 1.69, a birefringence of 0.035 to 0.038, and a specific gravity of 3.34. On the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, peridot ranks between 6.5 and 7, making it a durable choice for jewelry, though still susceptible to scratching with harder materials.
Spinel
While information on spinel’s specific gemological properties is limited within the provided sources, it is recognized as a distinct gemstone separate from ruby. Its increasing popularity stems from its vibrant colors and durability.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony, exhibiting layers of reddish-brown sard and black and white onyx. Its composition is SiO₂, making it a variety of quartz. Specific gravity and refractive index data are not provided in the sources.
The following table summarizes the gemological properties of Peridot:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-Green |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 - 1.69 |
| Birefringence | 0.035 - 0.038 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 - 7 |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of the August birthstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Peridot, with its vibrant green hue, embodies growth, prosperity, good fortune, protection, loyalty, and love. Its name is believed to derive from the Arabic word "faridat," meaning "gem."
While the sources do not detail specific metaphysical beliefs associated with spinel and sardonyx, the historical context suggests that all birthstones were once believed to possess protective and beneficial powers. The act of wearing one’s birthstone was considered a way to connect with its energy and harness its positive attributes.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale indicates it is relatively durable, but still requires careful handling. It is susceptible to scratching from harder materials and should be stored separately from diamonds and other abrasive gems. Cleaning peridot jewelry can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Specific care instructions for spinel and sardonyx are not provided in the sources. However, general guidelines for gemstone care – avoiding harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and abrasive materials – would be prudent.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From their ancient origins in religious texts to their modern-day appeal as cherished gemstones, these three gems offer a diverse range of colors, properties, and lore. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, their astrological significance, or their historical connection to the month of August, these stones continue to captivate and inspire. Their enduring popularity reflects a timeless appreciation for the natural beauty and enduring power of gemstones.