August boasts a unique distinction among birthstone months: it possesses not one, but three recognized gemstones – peridot, spinel, and onyx. While peridot is often considered the traditional August birthstone, spinel gained recognition as a modern alternative in 2016, and onyx holds a historical connection to the month. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of each of these captivating gems, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
A History of August’s Gemstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to medieval times, with roots in biblical lore and evolving through Polish and German traditions beginning several centuries ago. Over time, different lists emerged, categorizing stones as “ancient,” “traditional,” or “modern.” The variation in birthstone assignments reflects regional differences and the evolving understanding of gemstones themselves. Onyx is considered the “ancient” birthstone for August, while peridot is a “traditional” choice, and spinel was added as a “modern” option relatively recently, in 2016.
Peridot’s history stretches back to ancient Egypt, where it was known as the “gem of the Sun” and revered for its vibrant green hue. It was also referred to as the “evening emerald.” Onyx has a long history of use in jewelry, prized for its granular structure which lends itself to carving into cameos and cabochons. Spinel, though historically mistaken for ruby and sapphire, has a regal past, notably featuring as the “Black Prince’s Ruby” in the British Imperial State Crown – a misnomer, as the stone is, in fact, a spinel.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a rare gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, forming deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is occasionally brought to the surface through volcanic activity, earning it the name “Pele’s Tears” after the Hawaiian volcano goddess. Remarkably, peridot has even been found within some types of meteorites, adding to its allure.
Onyx, with its granular structure, is formed through banding of chalcedony, a form of silica. The sources for onyx are not detailed in the provided materials.
Spinel is found in regions including Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Madagascar, each producing unique variations of the gemstone. The sources for peridot are not detailed in the provided materials.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s lovely green color stems from its iron content, ranging from yellowish-green to olive and dark green. However, peridot is relatively soft, rating between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This softness makes it susceptible to scratches and damage from wear, acids, and even perspiration. It is also vulnerable to thermal shock, meaning it should not be cleaned using ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle cleaning with a soft brush, mild soap, and warm water is recommended, and it should be stored separately from harder gemstones.
Onyx is not known for its sparkle due to its light-absorbing granular structure. It comes in a rainbow of colors, including red, green, and black. The provided materials note that green and black onyx are favored in contemporary jewelry designs.
Spinel boasts a range of vibrant colors, including red, blue, pink, lavender, and black. Technical details regarding its chemical composition, refractive index, or specific gravity are not provided in the available sources.
The following table summarizes the Mohs hardness scale comparison for Peridot and Sapphire:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Peridot | 6.5 - 7 |
| Sapphire | 9 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these August birthstones have been imbued with various symbolic meanings. Ruby, though not specifically an August birthstone in all traditions, is associated with nobility, passion, protection, and prosperity, and is believed to stimulate the base chakra, increasing vitality. Sapphire symbolizes wisdom and spiritual truth, reminding one of the soul’s purity and bringing peace of mind.
Peridot is linked to optimism and gently aligns the body’s meridians. Alexandrite, another August birthstone, is used for connecting to one’s guardians and building self-respect, willpower, and creativity. Moonstone is recognized for its lunar energy and opens the heart to nurturing energy, awakening Kundalini energy.
Onyx represents strength and protection. Spinel is associated with spirituality, energy, and revitalization. Diamond, also listed as an August birthstone, is a crystal for compassion, commitment, and protection. Topaz is a stone of optimism.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and prolonged exposure to acids. Gentle cleaning with a soft brush, mild soap, and warm water is the recommended method. Store peridot jewelry separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
The provided materials do not offer specific care instructions for onyx or spinel, but general gemstone care guidelines – avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners – would be prudent.
Additional August Birthstones
Beyond peridot, spinel, and onyx, several other gemstones have been historically associated with August. Diamond, Alexandrite, Ruby, Sapphire, Moonstone, and Topaz are all listed as potential August birthstones in various traditions. The modern birthstone chart continues to evolve, with additions like citrine and tanzanite reflecting contemporary preferences. In the United States, individuals often choose from both traditional and modern lists, selecting the stones that resonate with them personally.
Conclusion
August’s trio of birthstones – peridot, spinel, and onyx – represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient Egyptians’ reverence for peridot to the recent recognition of spinel as a modern birthstone, and the enduring strength symbolized by onyx, these gems offer a diverse range of choices for those born in the eighth month. While peridot’s softness requires careful handling, its vibrant green hue continues to captivate, while spinel’s range of colors and onyx’s historical significance add to the allure of August’s birthstone selection. The evolving tradition of birthstones allows for personal expression and a connection to the enduring beauty and mystique of the natural world.