August boasts not one, but two, officially recognized birthstones: peridot and spinel. While peridot has a longer-established association with the month, spinel has recently been added to the list, acknowledging its beauty and historical significance. Both gemstones offer a vibrant spectrum of green and red hues, rich histories, and symbolic meanings, making them cherished choices for those born in August. This article will delve into the geological origins, historical usage, gemological properties, and cultural significance of both peridot and spinel, drawing upon available sources to provide a comprehensive overview.
A History Rooted in Antiquity
Peridot’s history stretches back millennia, with evidence of its use dating to ancient Egypt around 1500 BC. Known as the “gem of the sun,” it was highly prized and believed to possess protective qualities, warding off nightmares and bestowing confidence, health, and positive energy upon the wearer. Ancient Egyptians sourced this vibrant green gem from the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, a location that remained a primary source for centuries.
Throughout the Middle Ages, peridot continued to be valued, particularly by European royals and clergy. It adorned church altars and embellished clerical robes, signifying its importance and prestige. Its popularity persisted into the Victorian era, frequently appearing in intricate jewelry designs.
Spinel, while often mistaken for ruby throughout much of history, also possesses a rich, albeit less documented, past. For centuries, many famous “rubies” in royal collections – including the Black Prince’s Ruby in the British Crown Jewels, the Timur Ruby, and Catherine the Great’s Ruby – were later identified as magnificent spinels. This historical misidentification underscores the gem’s visual similarity to ruby and adds to its intriguing story. The formal distinction between spinel and ruby as separate minerals wasn’t established until a few hundred years ago.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. This explains its association with volcanic landscapes, such as the Hawaiian Islands, where it is symbolically linked to the tears of Pele, the goddess of fire and volcanoes. While historically sourced from Zabargad Island, modern peridot supplies primarily originate from Arizona. Additional sources include China, Myanmar, and Pakistan. The intensity of peridot’s green hue is directly related to the amount of iron present in its crystal structure, with variations ranging from yellowish-green to olive green.
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. While it can be found in a variety of colors, it is particularly known for its red, pink, purple, and rare vivid blue shades, the latter colored by cobalt. Spinel is found throughout the world, though specific locations are not extensively detailed in the provided sources.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is unique in that it occurs in only one color – green – although the shade can vary. Its chemical composition is not detailed in the provided sources.
Spinel, however, presents a wider range of colors. It is a distinct mineral from ruby (corundum), despite historical confusion. Spinel is noted for its durability, making it a suitable gemstone for various jewelry applications.
The following table summarizes the available information regarding the birthstones:
| Birthstone | Color Range | Primary Sources | Historical Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Yellowish-green to Olive Green | Zabargad Island (historical), Arizona (modern), China, Myanmar, Pakistan | “Gem of the Sun” in ancient Egypt, used by European royalty and clergy |
| Spinel | Red, Pink, Purple, Blue | Globally distributed | Historically mistaken for ruby, found in royal collections |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy, protection, and good fortune. Ancient Egyptians believed it guarded against nightmares, while modern interpretations suggest it can bring power, influence, and a prosperous year. It is also considered a “love at first sight” stone, with legends linking it to Cupid’s arrowheads. Queen Cleopatra was known to adorn herself with peridot jewelry, further cementing its association with royalty and beauty.
Spinel is more recently associated with symbolism, representing power and strength. Its historical association with royalty, due to its frequent misidentification as ruby, lends it an air of prestige and nobility.
Both gemstones are linked to broader metaphysical beliefs. The origins of birthstone symbolism can be traced back to the biblical breastplate of Aaron, which was inlaid with twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Scholars in the 1st and 5th centuries AD associated these gems with the zodiac signs, leading to the practice of wearing different gemstones each month.
Modern Standardization and Choice
The standardization of birthstone lists is a relatively recent development. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers met to create an official list of American birthstones, combining various customs and ensuring practicality for jewelers. This list was modified in 1952 and again in 2002 with the addition of Tanzanite to December’s stones. The inclusion of spinel as an August birthstone in 2016 reflects a growing appreciation for its unique qualities and historical significance.
Today, individuals often choose between the modern and traditional birthstone lists based on personal preference and aesthetic appeal. Alternative birthstones based on astrological signs, guardian angels, seasons, and birth hours further expand the options for finding a gem that resonates with individual meaning.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for either peridot or spinel. However, given their durability, both gemstones are likely suitable for regular wear. General gemstone care guidelines, such as avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, would be prudent.
Conclusion
Peridot and spinel, the vibrant birthstones of August, offer a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Peridot, with its ancient Egyptian roots and association with the sun, embodies protection and positive energy. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, represents power and strength and boasts a captivating range of colors. The recent addition of spinel to the August birthstone list acknowledges its unique qualities and expands the choices available to those seeking a meaningful gemstone. Both peridot and spinel continue to be cherished gems, offering a timeless elegance and a connection to centuries of tradition.