Peridot, spinel, and sardonyx represent the birthstones for August, though peridot is perhaps the most widely recognized. This yellowish-green to greenish-yellow gem, a variety of the mineral olivine, holds a rich history often intertwined with that of emeralds and topaz, and boasts origins as unique as the Earth’s mantle and even outer space. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, offering a comprehensive overview of this captivating August birthstone.
History and Lore
Throughout history, peridot has frequently been mistaken for other gemstones, notably emeralds and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, from which the name “topaz” is derived, was, in fact, a significant source of peridot. This misidentification persisted for centuries, leading to historical accounts of emeralds that were, in reality, peridot. A striking example is found within the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, adorned with 200 carats of gems long believed to be emeralds, but now confirmed as peridot.
Speculation even suggests that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot, highlighting the gem’s historical allure and perceived value. Beyond its association with royalty, peridot has held cultural significance in various societies. Ancient Egyptians revered peridot, believing it possessed protective powers. Roman soldiers wore peridot rings, often carved with the image of Mars, for courage and protection in battle. The gem is also associated with happiness, clear communication, and stability in partnerships, making it a meaningful stone for both personal adornment and symbolic representation. Furthermore, peridot marks the 16th year of marriage, signifying a lasting and cherished union.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is a remarkable process, occurring under extreme geological conditions. It is found in hardened lava, brought to the surface from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even within meteorites that have journeyed from outer space. This dual origin – terrestrial and extraterrestrial – adds to the gem’s mystique.
While historically sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios, modern peridot mining occurs in several locations worldwide. A significant 2007 discovery in Tanzania yielded peridot in captivating pinkish and orangy-red hues, alongside more traditional purple and blue shades. Other notable sources include Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, Uruguay, and the United States. India is particularly known for producing sardonyx with distinct color banding, another of the August birthstones.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine. Its color ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, a result of its iron content. The gem typically registers at 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it reasonably durable for jewelry, though care should be taken, especially when set in rings. Spinel, another August birthstone, is more durable, registering at 8 on the Mohs scale.
Sardonyx, a combination of sard and onyx, is also 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Like peridot, it requires careful handling. Peridot is stable when exposed to light and most chemicals, but high heat can cause some colors to fade. Sardonyx, being a form of chalcedony, is often dyed, and this color can be affected by high heat during jewelry manufacturing or repair.
Peridot is commonly cut into faceted stones, showcasing its brilliance. It is also found in rose-cut forms, enhancing its sparkle. The gem is available in various sizes, with examples ranging from small accent stones to larger focal points in jewelry designs.
Here's a table summarizing the key gemological properties of the August birthstones:
| Birthstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Olivine (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | 6.5 - 7 | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow |
| Spinel | MgAl₂O₄ | 8 | Various, including red, pink, blue, purple |
| Sardonyx | SiO₂ (Chalcedony) | 6.5 - 7 | Banded brownish-red, brown, and white/black |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is often associated with power, influence, and good fortune. It is believed to overcome nervousness and emotional feelings, promoting a sense of calm and well-being. Metaphysically, peridot is thought to have healing properties, positively impacting the liver, gallbladder, and adrenal function.
Spinel is believed to activate the “root chakra,” addressing related ailments. It is also thought to be beneficial for skin, gum, and spine-related issues. Sardonyx, with its historical connection to courage and strength, is associated with clear communication and stability in relationships. It was historically believed to strengthen spiritual life, as evidenced by its inclusion in the High Priest’s breastplate in the Old Testament.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of peridot, spinel, and sardonyx requires appropriate care. Spinel’s higher hardness makes it relatively durable for everyday wear. Peridot and sardonyx, with their moderate hardness, are more susceptible to scratches and damage.
Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can be used for spinel, but caution is advised due to potential fractures. For peridot and sardonyx, warm soapy water and a soft-bristle brush are the safest cleaning methods. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive materials. It’s important to note that sardonyx is often dyed, and high heat can affect the color. Regular cleaning will help preserve the brilliance and luster of these August birthstones.
Conclusion
Peridot, alongside spinel and sardonyx, offers a diverse range of options for those born in August. From its intriguing history and unique geological origins to its captivating color and symbolic meanings, peridot stands as a gem of enduring appeal. Whether admired for its beauty, cherished for its metaphysical properties, or valued as a symbol of good fortune, the August birthstone continues to captivate and inspire. Its journey from the depths of the Earth and even the vastness of space to adorn jewelry and symbolize significant life events solidifies its place as a truly remarkable gemstone.