August boasts a trio of recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx, with more recent astrological associations including carnelian and onyx. While peridot currently holds prominence as the modern August birthstone, spinel has gained recognition, and sardonyx represents the traditional choice. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these captivating gemstones, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
History and Lore
Sardonyx holds the longest documented history as an August birthstone, with use dating back over 4,000 years. Peridot, however, has a history steeped in misidentification. Throughout much of history, it was frequently confused with other green gems, notably emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, from which the name “topaz” originates, was, in fact, a significant source of peridot. Ancient civilizations valued peridot for its beauty and believed it possessed protective qualities. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot.
Spinel’s history is intertwined with that of ruby. For centuries, red spinel was mistaken for ruby, particularly in historical collections. This misidentification persisted because the two gems often occur in the same mining locations. Notable examples include the large red stone in the British State Crown, long believed to be a ruby but later identified as spinel. The “mother of ruby” moniker was often applied to spinel due to this frequent confusion.
Carnelian, associated with the Virgo zodiac sign (August 23 – September 22), has a long history of use for promoting self-worth and battling self-criticism. Onyx, linked to the Leo zodiac sign (July 23 – August 22), was believed to promote mental clarity and stability.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, formed under extreme conditions. It is found in hardened lava, brought to the surface from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites. The sources of peridot are varied, though specific locations are not detailed in the provided materials.
Spinel’s formation is linked to the same geological processes as ruby, often occurring in the same mines. It is found in a range of colors, and tends to be one color throughout, unlike ruby which can be dichromatic. The provided sources do not specify particular mining locations for spinel.
Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, is composed of red and white bands. The sources do not provide information on its geological formation or specific mining locations.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized as a yellowish-green to greenish-yellow gem. It is the gem variety of the mineral olivine. The sources do not provide specific details regarding its chemical formula, refractive index, or hardness.
Spinel is noted for its range of colors, including red, blue, and other hues. It possesses a cubic crystal structure, often displaying twinning crystals, which distinguishes it from ruby. The sources indicate that spinel is one color throughout, while rubies are dichromatic.
Sardonyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, featuring red and white layers. The sources do not provide details on its chemical composition or other gemological properties.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Historically, peridot symbolized strength and was used as a protective amulet against nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Ancient Hawaiians believed peridot stones were the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanic activity.
Spinel, often called the “stone of immortality,” was believed to possess protective qualities. Red spinel, frequently mistaken for ruby, inherited some of ruby’s symbolic associations.
Carnelian is associated with inspiring childlike joy and battling self-criticism, making it a beneficial stone for Virgos. Onyx is believed to promote mental clarity, stability, and self-control, grounding the dramatic tendencies sometimes associated with Leos.
Zodiac Associations and Modern Interpretations
The concept of zodiac birthstones offers an alternative to traditional monthly birthstones. This system pairs gemstones with astrological signs, aligning their properties with the qualities of each sign. For those born under the sign of Leo (July 23 – August 22), onyx is the associated birthstone, believed to provide grounding and focus. For Virgo (August 23 – September 22), carnelian is the designated stone, thought to inspire joy and combat self-doubt.
While traditional birthstone dates sometimes align with zodiac signs, the correspondence is not always perfect. For example, a Gemini (May 21 – June 20) might be born during a month traditionally associated with emerald or pearl, but their zodiac birthstone is agate. The choice between zodiac and monthly birthstones is a matter of personal preference, with some individuals choosing to wear both.
Recent Developments in August Birthstone Recognition
In 2016, spinel was officially added as a modern August birthstone, acknowledging its distinct qualities and historical significance. This addition reflects a growing consumer interest in alternative gemstones and a greater appreciation for spinel’s beauty and durability. The recognition of spinel as an August birthstone helps to address the historical misidentification of the gem and celebrates its unique characteristics.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for peridot, spinel, or sardonyx. However, general gemstone care guidelines suggest avoiding harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and extreme temperature changes. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is typically recommended.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, sardonyx, carnelian, and onyx – each possess a unique history, geological origin, and symbolic meaning. While peridot currently enjoys prominence as the modern August birthstone, the inclusion of spinel and the enduring legacy of sardonyx offer a diverse range of choices for those born in this month. The addition of zodiac-aligned stones like carnelian and onyx further expands the options, allowing individuals to connect with gemstones that resonate with their astrological sign and personal preferences. These gemstones continue to captivate with their beauty and enduring appeal, representing a rich tapestry of history, science, and cultural significance.