August is the only month of the year associated with three birthstones: peridot, spinel, and onyx. This unique distinction reflects the evolving nature of birthstone traditions, which have grown from ancient beliefs to modern interpretations. Each of these gemstones carries a distinct geological profile, historical significance, and symbolic meaning, making them not only beautiful but also deeply meaningful choices for jewelry and personal adornment. This article explores the origins, properties, and cultural significance of peridot, spinel, and onyx, offering a comprehensive look at the three gemstones that represent August.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to birth months has roots in biblical and medieval history, with the earliest records tracing back to the Breastplate of Aaron described in the Book of Exodus. Over time, the practice evolved, and by the 15th century, a more formalized list of birthstones emerged in Europe. The birthstone tradition was further popularized in the 20th century by jewelers and organizations such as the American National Association of Jewelers (now CIBJO), which helped standardize the list of modern birthstones.
For August, the selection of three distinct gemstones reflects the diversity of this tradition. Each of these stones has its own story and historical significance. Peridot, the most widely recognized August birthstone, has been treasured for millennia, while onyx represents the ancient roots of the tradition. Spinel, on the other hand, is a more recent addition, gaining official recognition as an August birthstone in 2016.
The Ancient and Traditional: Onyx
Onyx is considered the "ancient" birthstone for August. Its use in jewelry and decorative arts dates back over 4,000 years, with evidence of its popularity in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Onyx is a type of chalcedony, a form of quartz, and is characterized by its parallel bands of color, which can range from black and white to red, green, and other hues. In ancient times, onyx was often carved into cameos and intaglios, and it was believed to offer protection and strength to the wearer. The granular structure of onyx made it ideal for shaping into cabochons, beads, and intricate carvings, and it was frequently used in religious and ceremonial contexts.
The Traditional and Treasured: Peridot
Peridot, the "traditional" August birthstone, has a long and storied history that dates back to ancient Egypt. Known as the "gem of the Sun," peridot was believed to possess protective and healing properties. The ancient Egyptians sourced peridot from the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, a location that remained a significant source of the gemstone for centuries. Peridot was often used in jewelry and religious artifacts, and its vibrant green color was associated with vitality and positive energy.
During the Middle Ages, peridot was highly valued in Europe, where it was used to adorn church altars and clergy robes. It was also popular among the aristocracy and was often included in royal regalia. The Victorian era saw a resurgence of interest in peridot, and it became a favored gemstone in jewelry design. One of the most notable examples of peridot's historical significance is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, which is decorated with 200 carats of peridot that were originally believed to be emeralds.
The Modern and Misunderstood: Spinel
Spinel is the newest addition to the list of August birthstones, having been officially recognized in 2016. For centuries, spinel was often mistaken for ruby and other red gemstones, leading to its underappreciation. In fact, some of the most famous "rubies" in history, including the "Black Prince’s Ruby" in the British Crown Jewels, are actually red spinel. The discovery of high-quality spinel in various colors, including red, pink, orange, and even blue, has led to a growing appreciation for this gemstone in the modern jewelry market.
Spinel’s inclusion as an August birthstone reflects the evolving nature of birthstone traditions and the increasing demand for ethical and affordable alternatives to traditional gemstones. Its vibrant colors and excellent clarity make it a popular choice for contemporary jewelry design.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the three August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and onyx—has a unique geological origin and set of characteristics that influence its appearance and value.
Peridot: The Cosmic Gem
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, which forms deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, where it can be found in hardened lava or embedded in basalt and gabbro. Peridot is also known to occur in meteorites, where it is referred to as "Pele's Tears," after the Hawaiian volcano goddess Pele. The color of peridot ranges from yellowish-green to deep green, depending on the amount of iron in its crystal structure. Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale and a specific gravity of 3.27 to 3.37, making it relatively durable for a gemstone.
Major sources of peridot include the United States (particularly in Arizona and Hawaii), China, Myanmar, and Saudi Arabia. The gemstone is also found in volcanic regions around the world, including in the lava flows of Hawaii and in meteorites that have fallen to Earth.
Spinels: A Spectrum of Colors
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum oxide (MgAl2O4), and it can occur in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, yellow, green, blue, and black. The color of spinel is determined by trace elements such as chromium, iron, and cobalt. Red spinel, in particular, is highly valued for its vibrant color and excellent clarity.
Spinel is typically found in metamorphic and igneous rocks, and it is often associated with ruby and sapphire deposits. Major sources of spinel include Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Tanzania. The discovery of large deposits of high-quality spinel in these regions has contributed to the gemstone's growing popularity in the jewelry market.
Onyx: The Banded Stone
Onyx is a type of chalcedony, which is a form of quartz that is composed of microscopic silica crystals. It is characterized by its parallel bands of color, which can range from black and white to red, green, and other hues. Onyx is formed through the slow deposition of silica-rich solutions in cavities and fissures in rocks. Over time, these deposits harden into the banded patterns that are characteristic of onyx.
Onyx is found in various parts of the world, including Brazil, India, and the United States. It is often used in jewelry and decorative arts due to its ability to be easily shaped, polished, and carved. The granular structure of onyx makes it ideal for creating cabochons, beads, and cameos, and it has been a popular choice for jewelry and ornamental objects for thousands of years.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of peridot, spinel, and onyx is essential for appreciating their unique characteristics and suitability for jewelry.
Peridot: The Green Glow
Peridot is a gem variety of olivine, with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. The color of peridot is determined by the amount of iron in its crystal structure, with higher iron content resulting in a deeper green color. Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and chips. It has a specific gravity of 3.27 to 3.37 and is typically transparent to translucent. Peridot has a distinct cleavage and a conchoidal fracture, and it is best suited for jewelry that is not subject to heavy wear.
Spinel: The Rainbow Gem
Spinel has the chemical formula MgAl2O4, and its color is determined by trace elements such as chromium, iron, and cobalt. Red spinel, for example, gets its color from chromium, while blue spinel is colored by cobalt. Spinel has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest gemstones. It has a specific gravity of 3.6 to 4.0 and is typically transparent to translucent. Spinel has no cleavage and a conchoidal fracture, making it highly durable and ideal for everyday wear.
Onyx: The Banded Beauty
Onyx is a form of chalcedony, with the chemical formula SiO2. It is characterized by its parallel bands of color, which can range from black and white to red, green, and other hues. Onyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale and a specific gravity of 2.6 to 2.8. It is typically opaque to translucent and has a waxy luster. Onyx has no cleavage and a conchoidal fracture, making it relatively durable for a banded stone. It is best suited for jewelry that is not subject to heavy wear, such as pendants and earrings.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical beliefs associated with peridot, spinel, and onyx reflect their historical and cultural significance.
Peridot: The Stone of the Sun
Peridot has long been associated with the sun, and it was believed to bring positive energy, vitality, and protection to the wearer. In ancient Egypt, peridot was known as the "gem of the Sun" and was believed to ward off nightmares and bring confidence and health. It was also used in religious artifacts and was believed to have healing properties. In modern times, peridot is associated with renewal, growth, and positive change, and it is often used in meditation and energy healing practices.
Spinels: The Stones of Passion and Clarity
Spinel is associated with passion, love, and clarity. Red spinel, in particular, is believed to enhance vitality and courage, while other colors are associated with different energies and emotions. For example, pink spinel is believed to promote love and compassion, while blue spinel is associated with calmness and clarity. Spinel is also believed to enhance the wearer's vitality and energy, making it a popular choice for those seeking to boost their confidence and self-esteem.
Onyx: The Stone of Strength and Protection
Onyx has long been associated with strength, protection, and grounding. In ancient times, it was believed to offer protection and strength to the wearer, and it was often used in religious and ceremonial contexts. Onyx is also associated with discipline and determination, and it is believed to help the wearer stay focused and grounded. In modern times, onyx is associated with emotional balance and stability, and it is often used in meditation and energy healing practices to promote inner strength and resilience.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of peridot, spinel, and onyx.
Peridot
Peridot is relatively soft and should be handled with care. It is best to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, and abrasive materials. To clean peridot, use a soft cloth and a mild soap solution. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause damage to the gemstone.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and a mild soap solution. It can also be cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner or steam cleaner, as it is resistant to scratches and heat. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures to maintain its luster and color.
Onyx
Onyx is a relatively soft gemstone and should be handled with care. It is best to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, and abrasive materials. To clean onyx, use a soft cloth and a mild soap solution. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can cause damage to the gemstone.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and onyx—represent a unique and diverse selection of gemstones that reflect the evolving nature of birthstone traditions. Each of these gemstones has a rich history, fascinating geological properties, and deep symbolic meanings that make them valuable and meaningful choices for jewelry and personal adornment. Whether worn for their beauty, their historical significance, or their symbolic meaning, peridot, spinel, and onyx continue to be cherished gemstones that capture the spirit of August and the individuals born under its sign.