Alexandrite stands as a particularly captivating gemstone, renowned for its dramatic color-changing ability and exceptional rarity. Designated as a modern birthstone for June, alongside pearl and moonstone, alexandrite holds a unique position in the world of gemstones, prized by collectors and admired for its striking beauty. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of this remarkable stone, offering a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand its allure.
History and Lore
The discovery of alexandrite is a relatively recent one, occurring in April 1834 in the emerald mines of the Ural Mountains in Russia. The initial find was somewhat accidental; miners initially believed the stones to be emeralds due to their intense green color. However, Finnish mineralogist Nils Nordenskiöld observed that the stones exhibited a remarkable transformation, glowing red under the light of a campfire. This observation confirmed the discovery of a new gem, subsequently named alexandrite in honor of the future Russian Czar Alexander II, whose coming of age coincided with the find.
The gem’s colors – red and green – held particular significance as they mirrored the military colors of Imperial Russia, quickly establishing alexandrite as the national stone of Tsarist Russia. While initially sourced solely from Russia, alexandrite has since been found in Brazil, Burma, India, Madagascar, Rhodesia, Sri Lanka, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. However, the Russian alexandrites are still considered the benchmark for quality, particularly regarding the intensity of the color change.
Initially, alexandrite was considered a replacement for pearl as the primary June birthstone, a belief stemming from a perceived greater abundance. However, it soon became clear that high-quality alexandrite was, and remains, exceptionally rare and valuable. The stone was officially added as a modern June birthstone in 1950 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America (now Jewelers of America), alongside the standardization of other birthstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. Its unique color-changing property arises from its chemical composition, which includes traces of chromium. This element allows the gem to absorb different wavelengths of light depending on the illumination source. The combination of beryllium, aluminum, and chromium under specific geological conditions is what creates this extraordinary phenomenon.
The original Russian deposits in the Ural Mountains were formed in pegmatite rocks. Today, alexandrite is also sourced from Sri Lanka, Brazil, and East Africa. However, the alexandrite from these regions often pales in comparison to the vivid colors and strong color change exhibited by the Russian stones. The more complete and distinct the color change – from a green hue in daylight to a red or purplish hue under incandescent light – the more valuable the stone.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite possesses a unique combination of properties that contribute to its desirability. Its hardness measures 8.5 on the Mohs scale, making it softer than sapphire but harder than garnet. This relative durability makes it suitable for various jewelry applications, though care should still be taken to avoid scratches and damage.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Chrysoberyl |
| Chemical Formula | BeAl₂O₄ + Cr |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8.5 |
| Color | Green to Red/Purple |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | Not specified in sources |
| Specific Gravity | Not specified in sources |
Most alexandrite stones are found weighing less than 5 carats, with larger stones being exceptionally rare and commanding significantly higher prices. A rare variety of alexandrite can also exhibit chatoyancy, known as the cat’s eye effect, further increasing its value and uniqueness.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Alexandrite is associated with transformation, creativity, and prosperity. Its color-changing nature is often interpreted as a symbol of adaptability and the ability to embrace change. In some cultures, it is believed to bring good fortune and enhance intuition. The stone’s connection to Imperial Russia also imbues it with a sense of nobility and strength.
As one of the June birthstones, alexandrite is believed to be particularly beneficial for those born in that month, fostering self-confidence and encouraging a positive outlook. The symbolism extends to a broader appeal, with the gem often chosen as a gift to commemorate significant life changes or to inspire creativity.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale, alexandrite is relatively durable, but still requires careful handling. It is recommended to clean alexandrite jewelry with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. Regular cleaning will help maintain its brilliance and ensure its lasting beauty. Given its value, professional cleaning and inspection are advisable for valuable pieces.
Conclusion
Alexandrite remains one of the most coveted and enigmatic gemstones in the world. Its captivating color-changing ability, coupled with its rarity and historical significance, ensures its enduring appeal. From its discovery in the Ural Mountains to its designation as a modern June birthstone, alexandrite continues to fascinate gemologists, collectors, and jewelry enthusiasts alike. Whether admired for its scientific properties, its symbolic meaning, or its sheer beauty, alexandrite is a truly exceptional gem – an “emerald by day, ruby by night” – that embodies both elegance and intrigue.