Peridot, alongside spinel and sardonyx, serves as a birthstone for August, offering those born in this month a vibrant choice of gemstones. Revered throughout history and formed under extreme geological conditions, peridot possesses a unique allure stemming from its captivating color and intriguing origins. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and symbolism of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
Peridot boasts a history stretching back millennia, often intertwined with misidentification with other green gemstones. Throughout history, peridot has frequently been confused with emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, from which the name “topaz” is derived, was, in fact, a significant source of peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot, highlighting the gem’s historical value and aesthetic appeal.
The earliest recorded mining of peridot occurred on the Egyptian island of Zabargad, beginning around 340–279 BCE. Despite producing beautiful stones, the island’s harsh conditions earned it ominous names like the Island of Death and Ophiodes (“snake island”). Peridot from Zabargad remains highly prized and can be found in prestigious museum collections worldwide. Myanmar (formerly Burma) also emerged as an important source, with fine-quality peridot crystals found in crevices on the northern slope of Kyaukpon, near the gem city of Mogok.
In the United States, Arizona is the primary source of peridot, found within massive volcanic lava flows on the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation. Apache families have worked these mines for decades, continuing a tradition of extracting this unique gem. Notably, peridot has even been discovered within meteorites, adding to its mystique and association with otherworldly origins.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. Its formation is intrinsically linked to extreme geological processes. The gem is found in hardened lava flows, carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and, remarkably, in meteorites that have journeyed from outer space. The iron content within the olivine structure dictates the gem’s unique color and luster.
Currently, peridot is sourced from several locations globally. While historically significant sources like Zabargad and Myanmar remain important, modern sources include China, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam. The United States, specifically Arizona, continues to be a notable producer. The peridot sands of Peridot Beach in Hawaii also shimmer with a luminous green hue, though these are typically not of gem quality.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits a distinctive range of color variations, from yellowish-green to brown, though the most sought-after stones display a lime-green or olive-green hue. Its color is often compared to that of a Fancy Vivid Yellowish Green diamond. Peridot’s appearance is described as crystal-like, distinguishing it from the more stone-like appearance of sardonyx.
While a precise hardness rating isn’t explicitly provided in the sources, it is noted that spinel, an alternative August birthstone, is harder than peridot, registering an 8 out of 10 on the Mohs hardness scale. This implies peridot has a lower hardness value. Peridot is also known for its capacity to sparkle under both natural and artificial light, earning it the nickname “evening emerald.”
A table summarizing key properties, based on the provided sources, is as follows:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 |
| Color | Yellowish-green to brown, olive-green best |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Formation | Volcanic lava, meteorites |
| Hardness | Less than Spinel (Mohs 8) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The sources do not detail extensive metaphysical beliefs associated with peridot. However, its association with volcanic origins and extraterrestrial arrival through meteorites contributes to its mystic allure and perceived power. The gem’s historical use and enduring appeal suggest a symbolic value linked to prosperity and good fortune.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for peridot. However, given its relative softness compared to spinel, it is reasonable to assume that peridot requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is likely appropriate.
Conclusion
Peridot, a captivating gem with a rich history and unique origins, rightfully holds its place as a prominent August birthstone. From its ancient association with Cleopatra’s jewels to its modern-day sourcing from volcanic landscapes and even outer space, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its distinctive color, coupled with its intriguing geological formation, makes it a cherished gemstone for enthusiasts and collectors alike. The gem’s journey through time and across the globe solidifies its significance as a symbol of beauty, strength, and enduring allure.