December boasts a rich selection of birthstones, offering a spectrum of color and history to those born in the final month of the year. While modern lists often include blue topaz and tanzanite, the traditional birthstones of December – zircon, turquoise, and, to a lesser extent, lapis lazuli – hold a particularly significant place in the lore and history of gemstones. These stones, each with unique origins and attributes, have been cherished for millennia, representing everything from wisdom and protection to joy and good fortune. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these December birthstones, exploring their geological origins, historical uses, and enduring symbolism.
A History Intertwined with Civilization
The use of December birthstones extends back to ancient times, deeply rooted in cultural practices and beliefs. Turquoise, arguably the oldest of the December birthstones, was highly prized by ancient civilizations. Evidence suggests its use in Ancient Egypt, adorning pharaohs and featuring prominently in artistic designs over 3,000 years ago. The funereal mask of Tutankhamun, a testament to the stone’s importance, is notably encrusted with turquoise. Its popularity wasn’t limited to Egypt; ancient Chinese artisans also incorporated turquoise into their creations.
The name “turquoise” itself is relatively recent, originating from the French term “turquois,” meaning “Turkish,” as the gem was initially brought to Europe from Turkey. However, the stone was known by different names in antiquity. Ancient Egyptians referred to it as “mefkat,” a word signifying both “joy” and “delight,” reflecting the positive emotions associated with the gem.
Zircon also boasts a long and storied past. It is considered one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with fragments found in Australia estimated to be 4.4 billion years old. This makes it a truly ancient gem, predating many other well-known gemstones. Throughout history, zircon has been valued for its brilliance and range of colors, sometimes even being mistaken for diamonds.
Geological Origins and Global Sources
Zircon’s formation is linked to the Earth’s earliest geological processes, occurring in igneous rocks and metamorphic environments. It can be found in a variety of colors, including red, orange, yellow, brown, green, and blue, as well as colorless forms. The sources for zircon are widespread, with significant deposits found in Australia, where the oldest known fragments have been discovered.
Turquoise, in contrast, is a secondary mineral, forming through chemical reactions involving copper, aluminum, and other minerals in arid regions. It is typically found in association with copper deposits. While historically sourced from Turkey, as its name suggests, significant deposits are also found in Iran, the United States (particularly Arizona and Nevada), and China.
Gemological Properties: Distinguishing Characteristics
Both zircon and turquoise possess distinct gemological properties that contribute to their unique appeal. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, resulting in a brilliant fire and flashes of multicolored light. This characteristic often led to its confusion with diamonds in earlier times. The gem’s hardness ranges from 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratching.
Turquoise, on the other hand, is an opaque gemstone with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. Its color ranges from blue to green, often with veins or inclusions of other minerals. The presence of these inclusions can affect the stone’s durability and value. The color is influenced by the presence of copper and iron.
A comparison of their properties is shown below:
| Property | Zircon | Turquoise |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7.5 | 5 - 6 |
| Transparency | Transparent to Opaque | Opaque |
| Refractive Index | High | Not Applicable |
| Dispersion | Strong | None |
| Common Colors | Blue, Red, Yellow | Blue, Green |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both zircon and turquoise have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energy and bring good fortune. It is often associated with tranquility, positive energy, and creativity. Its vibrant color is thought to instill a sense of inner calm.
Zircon, similarly, carries symbolic weight. It is celebrated for its brilliance and clarity, and is associated with wisdom, prosperity, and honor. Some believe it can promote restful sleep and enhance spiritual growth. The stone’s rainbow of colors is thought to represent the diversity and complexity of life.
Care and Maintenance
Due to their differing hardness levels, zircon and turquoise require different care routines. Zircon, with its higher hardness, is relatively durable but can still be scratched by harder materials. It is best cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Turquoise, being softer, is more susceptible to damage. It should be handled with care and protected from impacts. Cleaning should be done gently with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight, as it can fade the color. Turquoise is often treated with waxes or resins to enhance its durability and color, and these treatments may require special care.
The Expanding December Birthstone Family
While zircon and turquoise have historically been the primary birthstones for December, the list has expanded in recent decades to include blue topaz and tanzanite. Blue zircon was officially added as a December birthstone in 1952. This expansion provides a wider range of choices for those born in December, catering to different preferences in color, price, and personal meaning. The inclusion of tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery found only near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, adds a touch of exclusivity and modern appeal to the December birthstone selection.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—zircon, turquoise, and their more recent additions—offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and geological wonder. These stones are more than just beautiful adornments; they are tangible links to ancient civilizations, cultural beliefs, and the Earth’s own remarkable history. Whether one is drawn to the protective energy of turquoise, the brilliant fire of zircon, or the unique allure of tanzanite, December’s birthstones provide a meaningful and personal connection to the world of gemstones. When choosing among these gems, it is important to consider not only aesthetic preferences but also the unique characteristics and historical significance of each stone, ensuring a selection that resonates with individual style and values.