Sapphire, renowned for its captivating blue hues, holds the esteemed position as the primary birthstone for September. Representing nobility, sincerity, and faithfulness, this gemstone has a rich history intertwined with mythology, royalty, and enduring beauty. While sapphire reigns supreme, historical texts occasionally mention Lapis Lazuli as an associated stone, though it is not officially recognized in modern birthstone charts. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of sapphire, alongside a discussion of the lesser-known association with Lapis Lazuli, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of sapphire stretches back through millennia, with roots deeply embedded in ancient civilizations. The name “sapphire” itself originates from the Greek word “sappheiros,” simply meaning “blue stone.” In Greek mythology, the sapphire was closely associated with the gods Zeus and Apollo, signifying wisdom and divine favor. Medieval Europeans attributed healing powers to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and alleviate eye ailments, and even serve as an antidote to poison.
Throughout history, sapphire has been a symbol of royalty and high society. Its association with power and prestige is evident in numerous historical artifacts and royal jewels. A notable example is the 12-carat Ceylon sapphire featured in the engagement ring originally worn by Princess Diana and now worn by Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge. The discovery of particularly striking blue crystals in Kashmir in 1881 led to the emergence of “Kashmir Sapphire,” quickly becoming highly prized and sought after by jewelers and collectors. The Maharaja of Kashmir and his army took control of the area where these large deposits were found, further cementing the stone’s association with power and wealth.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire belongs to the corundum family, a mineral composed of aluminum oxide. Interestingly, corundum in its pure form is colorless; the vibrant colors seen in sapphires – including the iconic blue – are a result of trace elements within the crystal structure. Iron, titanium, chromium, vanadium, and magnesium can all contribute to different hues. The presence of these elements dictates the unique coloring of each stone. Notably, ruby, the red variety of corundum, also falls within this family.
Historically significant sources of sapphire include Kashmir, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and Sri Lanka. Kashmir sapphires, discovered in 1881, are particularly renowned for their velvety blue color. However, significant quantities of sapphire have also been found in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and even the United States, specifically in Montana, among other locations in Asia and Africa.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire is a remarkably durable gemstone, registering a 9.0 on the Mohs hardness scale – second only to diamond. This exceptional hardness makes it highly resistant to scratching, wear, and chemical damage, making it suitable for everyday wear. Sapphires are composed of the mineral corundum, and their chemical formula is Al₂O₃.
While blue is the most well-known color for sapphire, these gemstones actually come in a wide spectrum of colors, including orange, yellow, green, pink, and purple, and even black. The Rockefeller Sapphire, a 62.02-carat rectangular step-cut stone originating from Myanmar, exemplifies the size and quality achievable in sapphire formation.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
For centuries, sapphire has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It represents integrity, nobility, honesty, and loyalty. These associations have contributed to its enduring popularity as a gemstone for engagement rings and other significant jewelry pieces. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, sapphire was believed to possess protective qualities. Ancient Egyptians powdered Lapis Lazuli and wore it around their eyes to enhance eyesight, believing it would ward off evil. Sapphires themselves were thought to offer protection and symbolize truth.
Lapis Lazuli: A Historical Association
While sapphire is the definitive September birthstone, some older texts mention Lapis Lazuli as a secondary association. Lapis Lazuli has been linked with strength, courage, royalty, and wisdom since antiquity. It was believed to ward off evil and, in ancient Egypt, was used in rituals and even placed on mummies to aid the deceased in their journey to the afterlife. Creators of the Pharaohs wore Carnelian to indicate rank and status. Lapis Lazuli is typically a deep blue color, often cloudy and containing spots of white (calcite) or gold (pyrite). Stones with gold flecks and no white flecks command a higher price. However, modern birthstone charts generally recognize sapphire as the sole September birthstone, with Lapis Lazuli holding a more historical, rather than official, connection.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively easy gemstone to care for. It can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these could potentially damage the stone’s surface. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or treated. Regular cleaning will help maintain the brilliance and beauty of the sapphire, ensuring it remains a cherished heirloom for generations.
Alternative September Birthstones
Carnelian is also listed as an alternative September birthstone. Romans believed this stone was of courage, which enhances your confidence and strength. In Ancient Egypt, the stone was placed on mummies to aid the dead in their journey to immortality. Another prevalent use for Carnelians is to put them about the front door of your house to invite in plenty of good fortune.
Conclusion
Sapphire, with its rich history, captivating beauty, and exceptional durability, rightfully holds its place as the primary September birthstone. From its ancient associations with mythology and royalty to its modern-day popularity in jewelry, sapphire continues to enchant and inspire. While Lapis Lazuli holds a historical connection to September, sapphire remains the definitive gemstone representing the month’s elegance, truth, and enduring spirit. Its versatility in color and enduring strength make it a timeless treasure for those born in September and a captivating gem for enthusiasts worldwide.