For millennia, the deep blue hue of the sapphire has captivated humanity, representing everything from celestial skies to divine power. As the recognized birthstone for September, this gemstone holds a prominent place in both history and modern jewelry. Its durability, beauty, and rich symbolism have cemented its status as one of the world’s most beloved and sought-after gems. This article will delve into the history, origins, gemological properties, and significance of the September birthstone, the sapphire.
History and Lore
The story of the sapphire is deeply intertwined with the evolution of gemological understanding. The very name “sapphire” originates from the Greek word “sapphirus,” meaning blue, which itself derives from the Hebrew “sappir,” signifying “to shine.” This etymological journey highlights the enduring association of the stone with the color blue and its radiant qualities.
Ancient Jewish tradition holds a particularly esteemed place for sapphires. Texts suggest that Noah used a large sapphire to illuminate the Ark, and the stone was incorporated into the breastplate of the Jewish High Priest. Perhaps most significantly, legends claim the Ten Commandments were inscribed upon tablets of sapphire, imbuing the gem with a sense of sacredness and divine authority.
Interestingly, the term “sapphire” was not always applied to the corundum mineral we recognize today. In ancient times, it was often used to describe lapis lazuli, a vibrant blue stone sourced primarily from a mine in northern Afghanistan. This early “sapphire” was highly prized in ancient Egypt and medieval Europe, attributed with mystical and magical properties. As blue specimens of corundum were discovered, European gemologists began to apply the ancient name “sapphire” to this newly identified gem, effectively shifting the definition over time.
Geological Formation and Sources
While the provided sources do not detail the specific geological processes involved in sapphire formation, they do establish its enduring appeal and historical sourcing. The sources indicate that sapphires have been sought after “in every corner of earth” for thousands of years. The original source of the lapis lazuli, referred to as sapphire in antiquity, was a mine in northern Afghanistan.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional hardness, surpassed only by diamonds. This durability makes them exceptionally well-suited for use in all types of jewelry, ensuring they can withstand daily wear and maintain their brilliance. The American National Association of Jewelers officially designated sapphire as the birthstone for September in 1912, further solidifying its place in popular culture. It is also traditionally used to commemorate the 5th, 23rd, and 45th wedding anniversaries, with the rare star sapphire reserved for the 65th anniversary.
A unique optical phenomenon, known as asterism, occurs in certain sapphires, creating a “star-like” appearance. This effect is caused by tiny needle-like inclusions within the stone. Star sapphires are typically cut en cabochon – a smooth, polished, rounded shape – to best display this striking visual effect, which can manifest with six, twelve, or even a single band of light resembling a cat’s eye.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties, as understood from the provided sources:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Hardness | Very High (second only to diamond) |
| Birthstone For | September |
| Anniversary | 5th, 23rd, 45th (Star Sapphire: 65th) |
| Optical Effect | Asterism (in some specimens) |
| Cut for Asterism | Cabochon |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphires have been imbued with symbolic meaning. The association with the color blue naturally linked the stone to the heavens, representing wisdom, loyalty, and nobility. The ancient belief in its illuminating properties, as evidenced by the legend of Noah’s Ark, suggests a connection to enlightenment and spiritual insight. The inclusion of sapphire in the High Priest’s breastplate and the purported inscription of the Ten Commandments on sapphire tablets further reinforces its association with divine power and sacred knowledge.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for sapphires. However, given the gem’s high degree of hardness, it is reasonable to assume it is relatively durable and can withstand standard jewelry cleaning methods.
Conclusion
The sapphire, September’s birthstone, is a gem steeped in history, symbolism, and enduring beauty. From its ancient origins as a descriptor for lapis lazuli to its modern recognition as a prized corundum variety, the sapphire has consistently captivated and inspired. Its exceptional hardness, coupled with its striking blue color and unique optical effects like asterism, make it a gemstone of exceptional value and appeal. As a symbol of wisdom, loyalty, and divine power, the sapphire continues to hold a significant place in both the world of jewelry and the realm of cultural lore.