December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – a total of five – offering a diverse palette of colors and a rich tapestry of historical and cultural significance. While turquoise and zircon have traditionally held prominence as December birthstones, modern lists include topaz, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli, providing a wide selection for those born in the final month of the year. This abundance reflects a changing understanding of birthstone associations throughout history, evolving from biblical interpretations to modern designations by jewelry industry authorities.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with early connections often rooted in religious or astrological beliefs. The earliest known birthstone lists, inspired by biblical texts, initially designated ruby as the stone for December. However, this association gradually shifted over time. By the 19th century, turquoise began to gain recognition as a primary December birthstone, a designation solidified in 1870 by Tiffany & Co.’s “Gregorian Birthstone Poems.”
The National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) further refined the list in 1912, establishing turquoise as the primary stone and lapis lazuli as an alternative. Subsequent additions in 1952 and 2002 saw zircon and tanzanite, respectively, join the ranks of December birthstones, reflecting evolving preferences and discoveries within the gemological world. This evolution demonstrates that the concept of birthstones is not static, but rather a dynamic tradition shaped by cultural influences and industry practices.
Lapis lazuli and turquoise, as traditional December birthstones, carry particularly potent historical weight. Lapis lazuli, with its deep azure tones, was revered in ancient civilizations for its association with wisdom and royalty. It was considered a stone of truth and enlightenment, believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. Turquoise, similarly, has been prized for centuries across various cultures as a talisman for protection and a symbol of good fortune, instilling a sense of inner calm and fostering creativity.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of December’s birthstones are as varied as the stones themselves. Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, found in a rainbow of colors, and formed in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forms in arid regions through a process of weathering of copper-rich rocks. Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location: near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, forming within metamorphic rocks. Topaz, a silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine, crystallizes in igneous rocks and is found in various locations worldwide. Lapis lazuli, a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, is sourced from Afghanistan, Russia, and Chile, among other locations.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal.
Zircon is celebrated for its brilliant fire and clarity. Topaz, particularly London Blue Topaz, exhibits a glass-like shine but is relatively delicate and brittle due to its fine cleavage. Tanzanite is prized for its unique blue to violet color, a result of its trichroism – displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle. Turquoise is characterized by its captivating blue-green hues, varying in intensity based on the presence of copper and iron. Lapis Lazuli is distinguished by its deep azure color, often flecked with pyrite inclusions.
Here's a comparative overview of key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Luster | Key Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6.5 - 7.5 | Adamantine | Brilliant fire, diverse colors |
| Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | 8 | Vitreous | Glass-like shine, delicate cleavage |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6 - 7 | Vitreous | Trichroism, blue to violet color |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5 - 6 | Waxy | Blue-green hues, often with matrix inclusions |
| Lapis Lazuli | (Na,Ca)₈Al₆Si₆O₂₄S₄ | 5 - 6 | Vitreous | Deep azure color, often with pyrite inclusions |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of December’s birthstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Turquoise is often associated with protection, good fortune, and inner calm. Lapis lazuli symbolizes wisdom, truth, and enlightenment, believed to enhance intellectual abilities. Zircon is thought to promote prosperity and ward off evil, while topaz is associated with strength and intelligence. Tanzanite, a more recent addition to the birthstone list, is believed to facilitate communication and spiritual awareness.
December birthstones are considered to reflect a brilliance from every corner of the stones, making them popular choices for significant jewelry pieces like engagement rings, wedding bands, and necklaces. The stones are believed to connect wearers to historical and cultural narratives, enhancing both their aesthetic appeal and personal meaning.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and vibrancy of December birthstones. Topaz, due to its brittle nature, requires gentle handling to avoid chipping or scratching. Turquoise is porous and can be affected by chemicals and oils, requiring careful cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap. Zircon, while durable, should be protected from harsh impacts. Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and should be cleaned with lukewarm water and mild soap. Lapis lazuli, being relatively soft, should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching. By following these simple care instructions, the beauty of these stones can be preserved for years to come.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich mix of history and symbolism, making each unique for those born in this month. These stones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer's personality and bring a variety of cultural significances. When choosing between these gemstones, December’s stones stand out with their vibrant colors and deep cultural roots, providing a distinct way to express individuality. Purchasing these gemstones requires careful research and consultation with experts to ensure quality and authenticity. Their unique traits demand thoughtful handling and care to maintain their beauty over time.