December boasts a unique distinction among the months: it is represented by not one, but three recognized birthstones – turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. While ruby and bloodstone historically held this position until the 20th century, modern gemological associations, including the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America, have solidified these three gems as the primary symbols of December. Each stone carries its own rich history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in the final month of the year.
A Historical Transition
For centuries, the ruby was the established December birthstone, a tradition dating back to at least the 12th century. Alongside it, bloodstone, with its characteristic red and green hues, also represented the month, evoking the colors of the Christmas season. However, changes began to occur in the early 20th century. In 1912, the United States designated lapis lazuli and turquoise as December birthstones. Later, in 2013, England officially recognized turquoise and tanzanite as the December gems. This evolution culminated in the current consensus, with turquoise, blue zircon, and tanzanite being the officially recognized stones by the AGTA and Jewelers of America. The association of birthstones with the twelve tribes of Israel, as outlined in the biblical book of Exodus, and subsequent connections made by scholars like Flavius Josephus and St. Jerome to the zodiac signs in the 1st and 5th centuries AD, provide a historical context for the development of birthstone traditions. Initially, the idea was to possess all twelve stones and wear them according to the month.
Turquoise: A Stone of Ancient Civilizations
Turquoise, a gemstone cherished for millennia, holds a prominent place among December’s birthstones. Its use as an ornamental gem dates back to at least 3000 B.C., and potentially even earlier, with evidence of its appreciation in ancient Egypt. A notable example of its historical significance is its inclusion in the elaborate inlays of Tutankhamun’s mask, alongside other gemstones like lapis lazuli, quartz, and carnelian. The ancient civilizations of Mexico also greatly valued turquoise, embedding it within their cultures and artistry. Throughout history, turquoise has been associated with good luck, and continues to be seen as a symbol of fortune, success, and protection.
Zircon: Beyond the Brilliance
Zircon, chemically defined as ZrSiO4, is a nesosilicate mineral with a relatively simple structure. It is commonly found as an accessory mineral in igneous rocks, particularly granites, syenites, and associated pegmatites. The mineral’s hardness, registering at 7.5 on the Mohs scale, and its chemical resistance contribute to its durability and presence in alluvial deposits. Its high density, almost twice that of other silicates, allows it to concentrate with other heavy minerals during erosion and recovery. While often associated with its brownish-reddish crystals, zircon’s significance extends beyond its aesthetic qualities. It is the primary source of zirconium, a material with an extremely high melting point used in high-temperature applications like nuclear reactors and ceramic crucibles. Zircon is also believed to symbolize spirit elevation and wisdom.
Tanzanite: A Modern Gem
Tanzanite, a relatively recent addition to the world of gemstones, gained prominence thanks to a successful marketing campaign by Tiffany & Co. This precious stone is a variety of zoisite, named after its place of origin: Tanzania, the only location where tanzanite deposits have been found. This limited geographical source raises concerns about the stone’s long-term availability, with predictions suggesting that deposits may be depleted within a few decades. Typically violet in color with brownish tones, tanzanite is often treated to enhance its blue-violet hues. Tanzanite is associated with pushing danger away, improving digestion, enhancing blood circulation, and fostering peaceful relationships and good fortune.
Gemological Properties at a Glance
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Blue-green, sky blue | Various locations, historically Persia (Iran), now also USA, China, Egypt |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 7.5 | Brownish-reddish, colorless, yellow | Found in igneous rocks globally |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6.5-7 | Violet-blue, blue-violet | Tanzania |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones carries distinct symbolic weight. Turquoise is linked to good luck and protection, while zircon is believed to elevate the spirit and impart wisdom. Tanzanite is associated with transformation, intuition, and connecting to higher consciousness. Beyond these general associations, topaz, also linked to December in some traditions, is believed to protect mental health and boost one’s spirit, bringing success in business and love. Citrine, a November birthstone often considered alongside December stones, radiates positive energy, generates stability, and alleviates depression. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal and cultural significance of these gemstones.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of December’s birthstones requires understanding their individual properties. Turquoise, being relatively soft (5-6 on the Mohs scale), is susceptible to scratching and should be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning turquoise involves using only mild soap and warm water, avoiding ultrasonic cleaners or harsh chemicals. Zircon, with its higher hardness (7.5), is more durable but can still be chipped with a sharp blow. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Tanzanite, while relatively durable (6.5-7), is sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes. It should be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth, avoiding prolonged exposure to sunlight or heat.
Zodiac Connections
Some traditions link gemstones to zodiac signs rather than birth months. According to ancient Indian classifications, the bloodstone corresponds to Aries, sapphire to Taurus, agate to Gemini, emerald to Cancer, onyx to Leo, carnelian to Virgo, peridot to Libra, aquamarine to Scorpio, topaz to Sagittarius, ruby to Capricorn, garnet to Aquarius, and amethyst to Pisces. These associations offer an alternative way to connect with the energy and symbolism of gemstones.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite – represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient civilizations that prized turquoise to the modern discovery and marketing of tanzanite, and the enduring scientific importance of zircon, these gems offer a diverse and captivating range of choices for those born in December. Each stone carries its own unique energy and meaning, making them not only beautiful adornments but also potent symbols of personal connection and enduring significance.