December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but four recognized birthstones: turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. Each gem offers a distinct beauty and carries its own history and symbolism, providing a wide range of options for those born in the final month of the year. The tradition of multiple birthstones for December reflects the evolving nature of gemological preferences and market availability over time. While ruby and bloodstone were historically associated with December, the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen the rise in popularity of turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz as the preferred gems for this month.
History and Lore
The history of December birthstones is a story of shifting traditions. For centuries, ruby and bloodstone held the position of December’s gems, a practice dating back to at least the twelfth century. However, by 1912, the United States had designated lapis lazuli and turquoise as December birthstones. England followed suit in 2013, officially recognizing turquoise and tanzanite for the month. Today, the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America acknowledge turquoise, blue zircon, and tanzanite as the stones of December.
Turquoise stands out as one of the oldest known birthstones, with evidence of its use dating back to 3000 B.C. or even earlier in ancient Egypt. It was incorporated into the magnificent funerary mask of Tutankhamun, alongside other gemstones like lapis lazuli and carnelian. Ancient civilizations in Mexico also greatly valued turquoise.
Zircon, while often mistaken for diamond due to its brilliance, has a long history of its own, historically associated with strength and protection. Topaz, linked to fire through its etymological roots in the Sanskrit word “tapas,” was similarly believed to offer protection and was favored by merchants, kings, and queens for its perceived positive energy and association with prosperity.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, gaining prominence only after its introduction to the international market by Tiffany & Co. in 2002.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise, as its name suggests, is primarily sourced from Tanzania, though it has been found in various locations throughout history, including ancient Egypt and Mexico.
Zircon is found in a variety of geological settings and colors. Blue topaz is often created through heat treatment of colorless topaz, though naturally occurring blue topaz exists. The sources for naturally occurring blue topaz include Sri Lanka and Australia.
Tanzanite is exceptionally rare, found in only a small area of Tanzania, and is expected to become increasingly scarce as deposits are depleted. This limited source contributes to its value and desirability.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties.
Turquoise: A longstanding and revered gemstone. Zircon: Exhibits incredible sparkle and is often confused with diamond. Tanzanite: A relatively recent discovery, known for its violet hues. Blue Topaz: A popular modern choice, displaying dazzling blue shades.
Zircon ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it susceptible to abrasion. It is commonly heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red hues. Prolonged exposure to bright light can sometimes cause heat-treated zircon to revert to its original color. It is stable when exposed to chemicals.
Blue topaz, known for its sky-blue to deep London Blue shades, is a symbol of calmness, love, and clarity. Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, with most blue stones on the market being heat-treated from colorless topaz.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, is known for its trichroism, displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle. It is often treated to enhance its blue-violet color, as natural stones frequently exhibit brownish tones. Tanzanite can be faked using coated quartz or glass. Turquoise is commonly imitated with dyed howlite or plastic.
Here's a table summarizing key properties:
| Gemstone | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Treatment(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Not specified | Blue-green, sky blue | Often waxed or stabilized |
| Zircon | 6-7.5 | Blue, colorless, orange, yellow, red | Heat treatment |
| Tanzanite | Not specified | Violet, blue-violet, brownish violet | Heat treatment |
| Blue Topaz | Not specified | Sky blue, London Blue | Heat treatment |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been associated with good luck and was highly prized by ancient civilizations. Zircon has historically symbolized strength and protection, while modern interpretations link blue zircon to love and fidelity.
Tanzanite is believed to dispel danger, improve digestion, and enhance blood circulation, as well as boost love life and friendships. It is also associated with good fortune. Turquoise symbolizes fortune, success, and protection, bringing happiness and peace.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Zircon, due to its tendency to abrade, should be worn with care and avoided in rough conditions. Cleaning zircon involves using a soft brush and mild soap in warm water; ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended.
Blue topaz is relatively durable but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Tanzanite, while beautiful, is susceptible to damage from heat and should be handled with care. Turquoise, often porous, benefits from gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap, avoiding harsh chemicals or prolonged water exposure.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gems. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the recent discovery of tanzanite, each stone carries a unique history, symbolism, and geological story. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, metaphysical properties, or personal significance, these radiant gems offer a beautiful way to celebrate those born in the final month of the year. The variety available ensures that every December baby can find a gemstone that truly resonates with their individual style and spirit.