December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but four recognized birthstones: blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise. Each of these gemstones presents a distinct shade of blue, mirroring the cool tones of the winter season and offering a diverse range of options for those born in December. While turquoise holds the longest history as a December birthstone, tanzanite represents a more recent discovery, unearthed in Tanzania in 1967. These gemstones are associated with meanings ranging from wisdom and protection to new beginnings, providing a wealth of choices for expressing individual style and personality.
A History of December’s Gems
Traditionally, turquoise and zircon were the primary birthstones associated with December. Turquoise, in particular, has a long and storied past, cherished for centuries by various cultures. More recently, blue topaz and tanzanite have been added to the list of modern December birthstones, expanding the options available. The inclusion of multiple birthstones for a single month reflects a modern trend in jewelry, allowing individuals to select the stone that resonates most with them. Some sources indicate a historical association with lapis lazuli as well, though the primary focus has shifted to the four blue gemstones detailed here.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones vary significantly. Turquoise, as the name suggests, is often found in arid regions, and New Mexico has a particularly strong connection to the gem, having designated it as the official state gem since 1967. It has been mined in the region for centuries and is deeply ingrained in Native American art and design.
Blue zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz are all sourced from different geological environments. Tanzanite is exclusively found in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, a relatively recent discovery that has quickly made it a highly sought-after gemstone. Blue topaz is found in various locations, with significant deposits in Brazil, Nigeria, and Australia. Zircon occurs in a variety of geological settings, including metamorphic and igneous rocks, and is found in countries like Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Australia.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its distinct appearance and value.
Blue Topaz: Blue topaz is a variety of topaz that has been irradiated to enhance its blue color. It is relatively hard, registering 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear.
Blue Zircon: Blue zircon is a silicate mineral that exhibits strong double refraction. While often confused with cubic zirconia, natural blue zircon is a distinct gemstone. It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale.
Tanzanite: Tanzanite is a blue-violet variety of the mineral zoisite. It is known for its trichroism, meaning it displays different colors depending on the viewing angle – blue, violet, and red. Its hardness is 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
Turquoise: Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum. Its color ranges from sky blue to greenish-blue, often with matrix (veins of other minerals) present. It is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | 8 | Blue | Irradiated |
| Blue Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6.5-7.5 | Blue | Double Refraction |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6-7 | Blue-Violet | Trichroism |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5-6 | Sky Blue-Greenish Blue | Matrix often present |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energy and bring good fortune. It was highly valued by ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Native Americans, who used it in jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects.
Blue topaz is often associated with communication, loyalty, and clarity of thought. It is believed to promote honesty and openness. Tanzanite is linked to transformation, intuition, and spiritual awareness. It is said to facilitate connection with higher realms and promote inner peace. Blue zircon is thought to enhance wisdom, honor, and prosperity.
Care and Cleaning
The care required for each of these December birthstones varies based on its hardness and other properties. Blue topaz and blue zircon are relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Tanzanite is more delicate and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as they can damage the stone. Turquoise is the most fragile of the four and requires gentle cleaning with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid prolonged exposure to water, as it can affect the stone's color and stability. It is also advisable to remove turquoise jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities.
Regional Popularity
Interestingly, birthstone popularity varies by location. Turquoise is particularly popular in New Mexico, reflecting its historical mining presence and cultural significance in the Southwest. Ruby is the most popular birthstone in six states, while topaz is favored in Montana and Utah, states known for gemstone mining. Peridot and pearl, despite their long history, do not hold the top spot in any state, highlighting the regional preferences for specific gemstones.
The Newest Discovery: Tanzanite
Tanzanite stands out as the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Initially named “Blue Zoisite,” it was later renamed Tanzanite in honor of its country of origin. Its unique pleochroism, displaying different colors from various angles, adds to its allure and makes it a captivating gemstone. The gem’s deep blue-violet color is often associated with wisdom, peace, and inner strength, resonating with the personality of those born in December.
Choosing a December Birthstone
With four beautiful options available, choosing a December birthstone can be a delightful experience. Those drawn to rich, deep tones may prefer tanzanite, while those seeking a more earthy and spiritual connection might gravitate towards turquoise. Blue zircon offers a sparkling alternative, and blue topaz provides a classic and versatile choice. Ultimately, the best December birthstone is the one that resonates most with the individual’s personal style and preferences.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – offer a captivating palette of blue hues and a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and geological origins. From the ancient traditions surrounding turquoise to the recent discovery of tanzanite, these gemstones represent a diverse and meaningful selection for those born in the twelfth month of the year. Each stone possesses unique properties and appeals to different tastes, making December a truly special month for gemstone enthusiasts.