December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – offering a spectrum of color and history for those born in the final month of the year. Each gemstone carries its own unique origins, symbolism, and gemological properties, making December particularly rich in options for personal adornment and meaningful gifts. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these four December birthstones, exploring their historical significance, geological sources, and distinctive characteristics.
A Quartet of Blue Hues
For many years, turquoise held prominence as the primary birthstone for December, a tradition formalized in 1912 by the American National Association of Jewelers. However, in 2002, the Jewelers of America expanded the selection to include blue topaz, blue zircon, and tanzanite, providing a wider range of choices for December babies. Each stone offers a distinct appeal, from the affordability of turquoise to the vibrant allure of tanzanite.
Historical Significance and Lore
Turquoise, arguably the oldest of these gemstones, possesses a history stretching back millennia. Archaeological evidence suggests its use as far back as 7000 BCE, with discoveries in burial sites in western Iran. Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians and Chinese, highly valued turquoise, incorporating it into ceremonies, amulets, and intricate carvings. Egyptians associated the stone with the goddess Hathor, believing it brought good luck, fertility, and improved accuracy for warriors.
Zircon’s history is equally intriguing, with its name potentially derived from either the Arabic word “zarkun” (meaning cinnabar or vermilion) or the Persian word “zargun” (meaning gold colored). During the Middle Ages, zircon was believed to induce sleep and ward off evil spirits. In Hindu tradition, it alternates with hessonite garnet as part of the navaratna, a collection of nine gems believed to bestow wealth, wisdom, and good health. Victorian-era jewelry frequently featured blue zircon, showcasing its brilliance.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is a relatively recent discovery. Identified in Tanzania in 1962, and named in 1967, it quickly gained recognition thanks to the marketing efforts of Tiffany & Co. in 1968. Tiffany recognized its international appeal and launched a major advertising campaign, establishing tanzanite as a sought-after gem.
Blue topaz, while a popular modern choice, doesn’t have the same extensive historical lore as turquoise or zircon. Its association with December is more recent, solidifying its place as a favored birthstone in the 21st century.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these gemstones are as diverse as their histories. Turquoise forms in relatively dry, arid regions, often near copper deposits. Its color arises from the presence of copper, while aluminum and other minerals contribute to its structure.
Zircon is found in a variety of geological settings, often alongside sapphire deposits in locations such as Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
Tanzanite, uniquely, is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. The gem is mined from deep within the earth, often thousands of feet below the surface, near the snow-covered slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro.
Blue topaz is a variety of topaz, a silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine. While topaz is found in various locations globally, the sources of specifically blue topaz are not detailed in the provided materials.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone exhibits distinct gemological properties. Turquoise, while visually appealing, is relatively soft and brittle, possessing a fine cleavage.
Zircon ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. It is commonly heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red hues. Prolonged exposure to bright light can sometimes cause heat-treated zircon to revert to its original color.
Tanzanite is often described as “velvety” due to its deep, saturated color, which ranges from rich blue to violet, with blue being the most valuable.
Blue topaz, as noted, has a glass-like shine but is delicate and brittle.
The following table summarizes key properties where available:
| Gemstone | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Treatment(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Not specified | Blue-green | None specified |
| Blue Zircon | 6-7.5 | Blue, colorless, orange, yellow, red | Heat treatment |
| Tanzanite | Not specified | Blue, violet | None specified |
| Blue Topaz | Not specified | Blue | None specified |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, believed to bring good fortune and ward off negative energy.
Zircon, in Hindu tradition, is part of a set of gems believed to promote wealth, wisdom, and good health.
Tanzanite is associated with transformation and spiritual enlightenment.
While the provided sources do not detail specific metaphysical beliefs associated with blue topaz, its vibrant color often symbolizes tranquility and communication.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Zircon, due to its tendency to abrade, should be protected from rough conditions. Cleaning zircon involves using a soft brush and mild soap in warm water; ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended.
Tanzanite should also be cleaned with warm, soapy water, avoiding ultrasonic and steam cleaners.
The provided materials do not offer specific cleaning instructions for turquoise or blue topaz, but general gemstone care guidelines – avoiding harsh chemicals and abrasive materials – would be prudent.
Choosing the Right December Birthstone
The choice of a December birthstone is a personal one. Turquoise appeals to those who prefer natural tones and appreciate its ancient history. Tanzanite, with its captivating blue-purple hues, is ideal for those seeking a bolder, more contemporary gem. Blue zircon offers a range of colors and a historical connection to Victorian jewelry. Blue topaz provides a popular and accessible option. Considering style, symbolic meaning, and budget are all important factors in making the right selection.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gems. From the ancient lore surrounding turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite, each stone offers a unique story and a beautiful expression of December’s spirit. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, symbolic meaning, or historical significance, these gemstones continue to enchant and inspire.