December is unique among the months, boasting not one, but three recognized birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon. Each of these gemstones possesses a distinct history, aesthetic appeal, and symbolic meaning, offering a diverse range of options for those seeking a meaningful piece of jewelry or a deeper understanding of these captivating gems. This article will explore the origins, properties, and significance of each December birthstone, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
History and Lore
The history of December’s birthstones spans millennia and encompasses diverse cultures. Turquoise, arguably the oldest of the three, holds a particularly rich and widespread heritage. As early as ancient times, civilizations across the globe – including the Egyptians, Persians, Chinese, Aztecs, and Native North Americans – revered turquoise for its perceived protective powers and association with wisdom, nobility, and immortality. It was adorned by royalty and commoners alike, serving as a talisman and a symbol of good fortune.
Zircon, while possessing a history stretching back centuries, has roots in ancient civilizations as well. Its brilliance led to its early use as a diamond simulant, and it was believed to ward off evil spirits and promote prosperity.
Tanzanite, in contrast, has a comparatively recent history. Discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s, it quickly gained popularity for its striking color and rarity. While lacking the extensive historical lore of turquoise and zircon, tanzanite has rapidly become associated with transformation, spiritual awareness, and calmness.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in relatively dry, arid environments. The vibrant blue-green hue is a direct result of the presence of copper, while aluminum contributes to its opacity. Turquoise is often found in association with copper deposits, and significant sources include the southwestern United States, Iran, and, more recently, China. Natural Rocks by Kala highlights the availability of turquoise rings crafted from materials sourced from Arizona.
Zircon forms in igneous rocks and alluvial deposits. It is a zirconium silicate, and its color can vary widely, ranging from colorless to brown, red, and even green. Historically, the most prized zircons were those with a reddish hue, often used as diamond substitutes.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is a blue-violet variety of the mineral zoisite. It is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, making it a geographically limited and therefore valuable gemstone. The unique blue-violet color is attributed to the presence of vanadium within its chemical structure.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones exhibits unique gemological properties. Turquoise is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5-6, making it susceptible to scratching and requiring careful handling. Its specific gravity ranges from 2.60 to 2.80. The presence of matrix, or veining, is a characteristic feature of many turquoise specimens, enhancing its individual character.
Zircon boasts a higher Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7.5, making it more durable than turquoise. Its refractive index is relatively high, contributing to its brilliance. Zircon exhibits strong double refraction, a property that can be observed with magnification.
Tanzanite has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7, placing it between turquoise and zircon in terms of durability. It exhibits trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle. This unique optical property contributes to its captivating appearance.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Mohs Hardness | Specific Gravity | Key Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum | 5-6 | 2.60-2.80 | Blue-green color, often with matrix |
| Zircon | Zirconium silicate | 6.5-7.5 | Varies | Colorless to brown, red, green; high brilliance |
| Tanzanite | Calcium aluminum silicate (zoisite) with vanadium | 6-7 | Varies | Blue-violet color, trichroism |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. It was believed to ward off negative energy and promote well-being.
Zircon, historically, was thought to bring prosperity and ward off evil spirits. Its brilliance was often linked to inner strength and courage.
Tanzanite, a more modern birthstone, is often associated with transformation, spiritual awareness, and calmness. It is believed to facilitate communication and intuition.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their varying hardness levels, each birthstone requires specific care. Turquoise, being relatively soft, should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners.
Zircon is more durable but should still be handled with care. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
Tanzanite is also susceptible to damage from heat and harsh chemicals. Cleaning should be done with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners. It is also advisable to store tanzanite jewelry separately to prevent scratching from harder gemstones.
Purchasing December Birthstone Jewelry
December birthstone jewelry is readily available online and in retail stores. Online retailers such as Amazon and Etsy offer a wide selection of styles and price points. Szul.com features a blue topaz hourglass pendant necklace, highlighting the availability of blue topaz as a December birthstone option. Natural Rocks by Kala offers a variety of rings featuring turquoise and tanzanite. When purchasing, consider the recipient’s style and preferences, as well as the quality and authenticity of the gemstone.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient protective powers of turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite and the enduring brilliance of zircon, each gemstone offers a unique and meaningful connection to the month of December. Understanding their origins, properties, and care requirements ensures that these treasured gems will continue to be cherished for generations to come.