December is unique among months, boasting not one, but three recognized birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon. This selection reflects a fascinating evolution in birthstone traditions, shifting from earlier associations with ruby to the modern grouping established over the 20th and 21st centuries. Each of these gemstones carries distinct meanings, historical significance, and aesthetic qualities, making December birthdays particularly rich in symbolic options. This article will explore the history, lore, and properties of these three December birthstones, drawing upon available information to provide a comprehensive overview.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The history of December birthstones is marked by change. Originally, ruby was designated as the birthstone for December, a tradition rooted in Biblical gemstone lists. However, by 1870, turquoise began to gain prominence, appearing in Tiffany & Co.’s “Gregorian Birthstone Poems.” The National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) initially listed turquoise as the primary December birthstone in 1912, with lapis lazuli as an alternative. Zircon was added to the list in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and tanzanite was the most recent addition in 2002. This evolving list demonstrates how birthstone associations are not static, but rather reflect changing cultural preferences and discoveries.
Turquoise holds a particularly long and storied past. Its use can be traced back thousands of years, with evidence of its presence in ancient Egyptian jewelry, amulets, and even tomb decorations, where it was believed to offer protection against evil spirits. In Native American cultures, particularly those of the southwestern United States, turquoise is considered a sacred stone, connecting the wearer to the spiritual world and providing guidance. Persian and Middle Eastern traditions also associate turquoise with prosperity and good fortune, often utilizing it as a talisman against the “evil eye.” The name itself originates from the French phrase “pierre tourques,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting its historical trade route through Turkey.
Zircon, while less prominently featured in ancient lore compared to turquoise, was believed during medieval times to grant good luck, better sleep, and protection. The Greek myth of Hyacinth is linked to zircon, symbolizing rebirth.
Tanzanite is the newest of the three December birthstones, discovered relatively recently in Tanzania. Its history is therefore shorter, but its impact on the gem world has been significant.
Geological Formation and Sources
The sources and geological formations of these three gemstones differ considerably. Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, typically forming in arid regions through the interaction of copper-rich groundwater with aluminum and phosphorus-containing rocks. It is often found in association with copper deposits. Significant sources include the southwestern United States, Iran, and Egypt.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral, forming in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. It is found in a variety of colors, including blue, yellow, brown, and clear, and is sourced from locations such as Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Australia.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is a blue-violet variety of the mineral zoisite. It is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, making it a geographically unique gemstone. Its formation is linked to the complex geological processes occurring in this region.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties. Turquoise typically ranges in color from sky-blue to greenish-blue, though variations exist. Its hardness on the Mohs scale is relatively low, around 5-6, making it susceptible to scratching.
Zircon exhibits a wider range of colors, and its hardness is higher than turquoise, ranging from 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more durable for everyday wear.
Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle. Its hardness is around 6-7 on the Mohs scale. Tanzanite is valued for its rich blue color, and larger, deeply colored stones are particularly prized. A particularly famous example is the “Queen of Kilimanjaro,” a 242-carat tanzanite set in a king cobra-inspired design with tsavorite garnets and diamonds.
A summary of key properties is shown below:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color | Notable Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum | 5-6 | Sky-blue to greenish-blue | Relatively soft, prone to scratching |
| Zircon | Zirconium silicate | 6.5-7.5 | Blue, yellow, brown, clear | Higher durability than turquoise |
| Tanzanite | Calcium aluminum silicate (zoisite variety) | 6-7 | Blue, violet, burgundy | Trichroism, unique to Tanzania |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism associated with each December birthstone is rich and varied. Turquoise is often linked to healing, protection, and spiritual connection. Crystal healers recommend it for treating inflammation, deflecting negativity, and promoting friendship. Tibetan Buddhists incorporate turquoise into malas (meditation beads) representing spirituality and good luck.
Zircon symbolizes success, wisdom, and positivity. The Greek myth of Hyacinth connects it to rebirth, while white zircon is seen as a symbol of purity and yellow zircon as the “Stone of Prosperity.”
Tanzanite’s meaning centers around transformation and communication. It is believed to facilitate wise and compassionate communication, particularly in resolving relationship disputes. It is often referred to as the “Stone of Transformation” and “Stone of Magic,” and is considered a third eye or crown chakra stone, enhancing intuition and spiritual awareness.
Astrologically, turquoise resonates with the adventurous and optimistic nature of Sagittarius, helping to balance their restless energy. For Capricorns, it provides grounding and protection, complementing their pragmatic and disciplined mindset. Blue zircon enhances Sagittarius’ truth-seeking tendencies, while aligning with Capricorn’s ambition and promoting prosperity.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their varying hardness levels, each of these gemstones requires specific care. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from harsh impacts. Cleaning should be done gently with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Zircon, being more durable, can withstand more rigorous cleaning. However, it is still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle scrubbing with a soft brush and mild soap and water is recommended.
Tanzanite is also sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes. Cleaning should be done with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – represent a diverse and fascinating collection of gemstones, each with its own unique history, properties, and symbolism. From the ancient protective qualities of turquoise to the transformative energy of tanzanite and the prosperity associated with zircon, these gems offer a meaningful connection to the month of December and the individuals born within it. The evolution of the December birthstone list itself reflects the dynamic nature of gemological traditions and the enduring appeal of these beautiful and captivating stones.