December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon – each offering a unique shade of blue and a rich history. Unlike some months with a single designated gem, those born in December have a choice, allowing for a personalized connection to their birthstone. These gemstones, while sharing a common color association, differ significantly in their geological origins, historical significance, and gemological properties. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these December birthstones, exploring their individual characteristics and enduring appeal.
A History of Blue Choices
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year dates back centuries, evolving from ancient astrological beliefs to modern gifting practices. While the exact origins are debated, the practice gained prominence with the development of the modern birthstone list in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers. However, even before this standardization, December had multiple associations. Turquoise, with its long and storied past, was a well-established December gem for many years. The addition of Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, and Blue Topaz broadened the options, reflecting both evolving tastes and the discovery of new gemstone sources.
The naming of “turquoise” itself is rooted in history, originating from the French phrase pierre tourques meaning “Turkish stone,” as the gem was brought to Europe via trade routes through Turkey in the 13th century. Historically, turquoise held significant cultural importance, particularly in Persia (modern-day Iran), where the most valued stones were known as “Persian blue.” Ancient Egyptians also prized turquoise, incorporating it into religious and cultural artifacts.
Zircon’s etymology is less certain, with scholars suggesting origins in either the Arabic word zarkun (meaning cinnabar or vermilion) or the Persian zargun (meaning gold colored). This ambiguity reflects the gemstone’s diverse color range, extending beyond blue to include reds, oranges, and yellows. Victorian-era jewelry frequently featured blue zircon, demonstrating its popularity in the 19th century.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Its relatively recent discovery means it lacks the extensive historical lore of turquoise or zircon, but its captivating color quickly established its place in the gem world.
Geological Origins and Sources
Each of these December birthstones forms under distinct geological conditions and is sourced from specific locations around the globe. Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forms in arid regions through a process of secondary enrichment of copper-bearing rocks. Significant historical sources include Iran and the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, though modern sources also include the United States (Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico), China, and Chile.
Zircon, a zirconium silicate, is found in a variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Notable sources include Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. The sources mention fine specimens of blue zircon being found in English estate jewelry from the 1880s, indicating historical mining activity in that region.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, is exceptionally rare and is found in only one location: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its value and exclusivity.
Blue Topaz is often created through irradiation of colorless topaz, which is found in Brazil, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. Natural blue topaz is rarer and typically lighter in color.
Gemological Properties
The four December birthstones exhibit a range of gemological properties, influencing their appearance, durability, and suitability for different types of jewelry.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | 8 | Blue, often created by irradiation |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5-6 | Blue to green, often with matrix veins |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6.5-7 | Blue to bluish-purple |
| Blue Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6.5-7.5 | Blue, also found in other colors |
Hardness is a measure of a gem’s resistance to scratching.
Turquoise is relatively soft compared to the other three, making it more susceptible to scratches and requiring careful handling. Its color is often described as ranging from blue to green, and the presence of matrix (veins of the host rock) is often considered desirable, adding to its character.
Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. Blue topaz is often created by irradiating colorless topaz, enhancing its blue hue.
Zircon’s hardness falls between topaz and turquoise, offering good durability. Its “fire” – the dispersion of light into spectral colors – can be mistaken for diamond, though its refractive index differs.
Tanzanite exhibits strong trichroism, meaning it displays different colors depending on the viewing angle. This pleochroism contributes to its captivating appearance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these December birthstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, health, and good fortune. Ancient Egyptians believed it guaranteed these benefits, while medieval Europeans thought it protected against falls, particularly from horses. Hindu mystics believed viewing turquoise after a new moon would bring wealth.
Zircon was believed to lull one to sleep and ward off evil spirits during the Middle Ages. In Hindu tradition, zircon is one of the nine gems of the navaratna, believed to bring wealth, wisdom, and good health when worn with the other eight gems.
While Tanzanite’s relatively recent discovery means it lacks the extensive historical lore of other gems, it is often associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual growth.
Blue Topaz is often linked to communication, loyalty, and clarity of thought.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning should be done gently with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth.
Blue Topaz and Blue Zircon are more durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided for Tanzanite.
Tanzanite requires particularly gentle care, as it can be damaged by sudden temperature changes or harsh chemicals. Warm, soapy water is the recommended cleaning method.
Affordability and Accessibility
One advantage of December’s birthstones is their relative affordability. While some specimens of Tanzanite can be quite valuable, these gems are generally more budget-friendly than many other precious stones, making them accessible to a wider range of buyers. This allows for the creation of beautiful and meaningful jewelry without significant financial strain.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gems. Each stone possesses a unique history, geological origin, and gemological profile, offering a wide range of choices for those born in December. From the ancient lore surrounding turquoise to the modern appeal of tanzanite, these gemstones continue to enchant and inspire, making them cherished symbols of December birthdays and enduring treasures for generations to come.