December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, offering not one, but three primary gems: Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise. These stones, each possessing a distinct allure and history, provide December-born individuals with a diverse range of options to express their identity and connect with the symbolism inherent in these captivating gems. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of these December birthstones, offering a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand their enduring appeal.
A History Intertwined with Tradition and Discovery
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical references and early cultural practices. Birthstones were believed to be blessed with unique powers, offering protection, wisdom, and good fortune to those who wore them. For December, the traditional birthstones of Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise held prominence for centuries. Turquoise, in particular, boasts a history stretching back millennia, with its name originating from the French expression ‘pierre tourques,’ meaning Turkish stone, as it was brought to Europe by Turkish explorers. Ancient Egyptians revered turquoise, incorporating it into jewelry as a symbol of status and protection.
However, the modern December birthstone selection has expanded to include Tanzanite and Zircon, both relatively recent additions to the birthstone canon. Tanzanite was only discovered in Tanzania in 1967, quickly gaining popularity for its striking blue-violet hues. Zircon, while known for much longer, has seen a resurgence in appreciation, particularly the blue variety favored as a December birthstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these three December birthstones are geographically diverse, reflecting their unique geological formation processes. Turquoise, as its name suggests, has historical ties to Turkey, but significant deposits are also found in the United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico. It forms through a chemical reaction between copper, aluminum, and hydrated phosphate minerals, often found in arid regions.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral found in a variety of igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary deposits. It occurs in many colors, including brown, red, yellow, and green, but the blue variety is most prized as a December birthstone. Sources include Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location worldwide: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its rarity and value. It forms within metamorphic rocks, created by intense heat and pressure. The gem’s trichroism – displaying three different colors depending on the viewing angle – is a result of its complex chemical composition and crystal structure.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of these December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and desirability.
Turquoise: Its color ranges from sky blue to greenish-blue, often with matrix patterns (veins of other minerals) that add to its character. Turquoise is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5-6, making it susceptible to scratching. Its chemical composition is hydrated copper aluminum phosphate.
Zircon: Blue zircon exhibits a brilliant luster and strong dispersion (fire), giving it a sparkling appearance. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7.5, making it more durable than turquoise. Its chemical formula is ZrSiO4.
Tanzanite: This gem is known for its intense blue-violet color, which is highly sought after. Tanzanite has a Mohs hardness of 6-7, making it suitable for jewelry, but requiring careful handling. Its chemical formula is Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH).
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Turquoise | Zircon (Blue) | Tanzanite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | ZrSiO4 | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) |
| Mohs Hardness | 5-6 | 6.5-7.5 | 6-7 |
| Color | Blue to Green-Blue | Blue | Blue-Violet |
| Luster | Waxy to Subvitreous | Adamantine | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these December birthstones has been attributed with specific meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, warding off negative energy and bringing good fortune. It is associated with wisdom, nobility, and the power of communication.
Zircon, particularly the blue variety, is believed to promote wisdom, honor, and prosperity. Some sources suggest it can enhance clarity of thought and inspire creativity.
Tanzanite is often associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual awareness. It is believed to connect the wearer to higher realms of consciousness and facilitate personal growth. It is also considered a stone of compassion and empathy.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, requires gentle handling and should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water.
Zircon and Tanzanite are more durable but still require care. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is advisable to have these gems professionally cleaned and inspected periodically to ensure their settings are secure and their brilliance is maintained.
Additional December Birthstones
While Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise are the most commonly recognized December birthstones, other gems are sometimes associated with the month. These include Beryl, Sapphire, Emerald, and Chalcedony. Some astrologists believe that individuals born on specific dates within December may find a stronger connection to these alternative gems, based on zodiacal alignments. For example, Emerald is suggested for Sagittarius individuals born between December 1 and December 21, while Chalcedony may resonate with those born between December 22 and December 31.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise – represent a captivating blend of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient origins of Turquoise to the recent discovery of Tanzanite, these gems offer a rich tapestry of cultural significance and enduring beauty. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, metaphysical properties, or personal connection, these December birthstones provide a meaningful way to celebrate the unique spirit of those born in the final month of the year.