December is unique among the months, boasting not one, but three recognized birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon. While blue topaz is also frequently associated with December, these three gems represent the primary and traditional choices for those born in the final month of the year. Each stone possesses a distinct history, geological origin, and set of characteristics, offering a diverse range of options for those seeking a meaningful connection to their birthstone. This article will delve into the history, properties, and symbolism of these December birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to learn more about these captivating gems.
History and Lore
Turquoise holds the longest and most storied history of the three December birthstones. Its use dates back millennia, with evidence of its adornment found among ancient civilizations. As early as 3,000 years ago, Chinese artisans were carving turquoise, and the pharaohs of Egypt prized the gem for its beauty and perceived protective qualities. Beliefs surrounding turquoise centered on its ability to guarantee health and good fortune. From the 13th century onward, it was thought to safeguard against accidental falls, particularly from horseback, and was even believed to change color or break apart when danger approached. In Hindu traditions, viewing turquoise after observing the new moon was thought to bring immense wealth.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is a relatively recent discovery. It was not until the 1960s that this gem was first identified near the Mererani Hills of Tanzania, hence its name. Initially known as “blue zoisite,” it was later renamed Tanzanite in honor of its country of origin. Its introduction to the market was swift, and it quickly gained popularity for its striking color and brilliance.
Zircon also has a long history, though often overshadowed by diamonds due to its early use as a diamond simulant. Historically, zircon has been found alongside sapphire deposits in locations like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Throughout history, zircon has been valued for its diverse range of colors, and has been subjected to heat treatment to enhance its blue and colorless varieties, as well as to produce orange, yellow, and red hues.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a secondary mineral, meaning it forms from the alteration of existing minerals. It is typically found in arid regions, forming in the vicinity of copper deposits. The presence of aluminum, phosphorus, and water are also crucial to its formation. The characteristic veins of matrix, or remnants of the host rock, often seen within turquoise are a defining feature of the gem.
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, and is found in a very limited geographical area: the Mererani Hills of northern Tanzania. This restricted source contributes to its relative rarity and value. It forms within metamorphic rocks, created by intense heat and pressure.
Zircon is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary deposits. It is a widespread mineral, found in locations around the globe, including Sri Lanka, Australia, and various parts of Asia. Its formation involves complex geological processes occurring deep within the Earth’s crust.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its distinct appearance and value.
Turquoise: This gem is semi-translucent to opaque, ranging in color from blue to green. Its hardness on the Mohs scale is 5-6, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching. Turquoise often contains matrix, which can enhance its character but also affect its durability.
Tanzanite: Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle. It typically ranges from a bluish-purple to a deep violet-blue. Its hardness is 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale. A notable characteristic of tanzanite is its pleochroism, where different colors are visible when viewed from different angles.
Zircon: Zircon exhibits a wide range of colors, including blue, brown, red, yellow, and green. Blue zircon is the most popular variety for birthstone jewelry. Its hardness ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale. Some heat-treated zircon may revert to its original color with prolonged exposure to bright light.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency | Notable Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green | 5-6 | Opaque | Often contains matrix |
| Tanzanite | Blue, Violet, Burgundy | 6.5-7 | Transparent | Trichroism, Pleochroism |
| Zircon | Blue, Brown, Red, Yellow, Green | 6-7.5 | Transparent to Opaque | Can revert color with light exposure |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these December birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. Ancient cultures believed it could ward off negative energy and promote physical and spiritual well-being.
Tanzanite is often linked to transformation, intuition, and spiritual awareness. Its vibrant color is said to inspire wisdom, peace, and inner strength.
Zircon has been associated with prosperity, honor, and wisdom. It was believed to promote restful sleep and protect against nightmares.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these December birthstones.
Turquoise, being relatively soft, requires gentle handling. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and abrasive materials. Cleaning should be done with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water.
Tanzanite is also susceptible to damage from harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. It should be cleaned with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. Prolonged exposure to heat should be avoided, as it can alter the color of some stones.
Zircon should be protected from rough conditions, such as gardening or sports, to prevent scratching. Cleaning can be done with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – offer a captivating array of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient lore surrounding turquoise to the recent discovery of tanzanite and the long-standing tradition of zircon, each gem holds a unique place in the world of gemstones. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these December birthstones provide a beautiful and meaningful connection to the month of their birth.