December, the last month of the year, is celebrated not only for its festive cheer but also for its rich and varied selection of birthstones. Unlike months that feature a single gemstone, December is uniquely adorned with five different birthstones, each with its own color, history, and significance. From the deep blue of lapis lazuli to the vibrant turquoise and the mesmerizing violet of tanzanite, December’s birthstones reflect a spectrum of hues that capture the essence of the winter season.
This article explores the five recognized December birthstones—zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—dipping into their geological properties, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and care guidelines. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this comprehensive overview will deepen your understanding of these captivating gems.
A Historical Overview of December Birthstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, with roots in both biblical and ancient cultural practices. The December birthstones, in particular, have long been revered for their aesthetic beauty and symbolic meanings. While the modern list includes blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite, the traditional list also incorporates lapis lazuli and turquoise.
The Role of Turquoise and Zircon in Ancient Traditions
According to historical records, turquoise and zircon have been considered the main December birthstones for a long time. These stones are distinguished by their distinct blue tones, which mirror the cold, serene atmosphere of winter. Turquoise, in particular, has been cherished for millennia, with its use dating back to ancient Egypt, where it was worn by pharaohs and royalty. It was believed to offer protection, good fortune, and spiritual enlightenment.
Zircon, on the other hand, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, and its brilliant fire and color range make it a symbol of eternal beauty and geological timelessness. In ancient times, zircon was associated with wisdom and clarity, and it was often used in protective talismans and spiritual rituals.
Why December Has Multiple Birthstones
December’s selection of multiple birthstones is not arbitrary. Rather, it reflects a desire to offer a range of options that differ in color, price, and personal meaning. This variety allows individuals to choose a gemstone that best resonates with their preferences, budget, and cultural background.
As one source notes, the inclusion of five traditional birthstones—zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—ensures that December-born individuals can find a stone that suits their taste and values. Whether someone is drawn to the serene blue of topaz, the velvety violet of tanzanite, or the golden-flecked lapis lazuli, there is a December birthstone to match every personality and style.
Geological Formation and Sources of December Birthstones
The December birthstones are not only beautiful but also fascinating from a geological perspective. Each gemstone forms under specific conditions and is found in distinct regions of the world. Let’s explore the formation processes and mining locations of each gemstone in turn.
1. Zircon
Zircon is an ancient mineral that is believed to be over 4 billion years old, making it one of the oldest minerals found on Earth. It forms in igneous rocks as magma cools, and over time, it is brought to the surface through erosion and sedimentation. Zircon is known for its brilliant fire and high refractive index, which gives it a sparkling, rainbow-like appearance when cut properly.
Blue zircon, the most popular variety for December, is produced through heat treatment, which transforms its natural brown or yellow color into a vibrant blue. Zircon is mined in various parts of the world, including Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and Australia.
2. Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in pegmatite and rhyolitic rocks. It is known for its transparency and hardness, which makes it ideal for jewelry. Blue topaz, the December birthstone, is often created through irradiation and heat treatment, which enhances its calm, serene blue color.
Natural blue topaz is relatively rare, and most blue topaz available in the market is treated. The gem is primarily mined in Brazil, with other notable sources in Russia, Pakistan, and the United States.
3. Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively modern discovery, first identified in the 1960s in Tanzania, near the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro. It is a trigonal crystal and is known for its violet-blue color, which can vary depending on the angle of light and the gem's cut. Tanzanite is formed from calcium aluminum silicate, and its unique color is due to the presence of vanadium.
Because of its limited geographic source, tanzanite is considered a rare and valuable gemstone. It is mined only in Tanzania, making it one of the few gemstones with a geographically exclusive origin.
4. Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock that is composed of lazurite, calcite, and pyrite. It is known for its deep blue color, often with golden flecks of pyrite, which give it a stellar appearance. The gem is formed through regional metamorphism, where limestone is transformed under heat and pressure.
Lapis lazuli has been mined for thousands of years, with Afghanistan being the most historically significant source. Other sources include Russia, Canada, and the United States. The gem has been used in jewelry, art, and spiritual practices, and it continues to be prized for its rich color and symbolic meaning.
5. Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral that forms in hydrothermal veins and weathered igneous rocks. It is known for its blue-green color, which can vary depending on the presence of copper and iron. The gem is often found with matrix patterns, which are veins of the rock in which it formed, adding to its unique appearance.
Turquoise has been mined for over 3,000 years, with Egypt and China being among the earliest known sources. Today, significant deposits are found in the United States (especially Arizona and New Mexico), Iran, and Mexico. Turquoise is often treated with oils or waxes to enhance its color and durability.
Gemological Properties of December Birthstones
Each of December’s birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that make it unique. Here is a summary of the key characteristics of each gemstone:
| Gemstone | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Transparency | Refractive Index | Chemical Formula | Best Cut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, brown, red | 6–7.5 | Transparent | 1.92–2.00 | ZrSiO₄ | Round, cushion |
| Blue Topaz | Blue (often enhanced) | 8 | Transparent | 1.61–1.63 | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Round, princess |
| Tanzanite | Violet-blue | 6–7 | Transparent | 1.694–1.701 | Ca₂Al₃(PO₄)₃(OH)₃·H₂O | Oval, cushion |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with gold flecks | 5–6 | Opaque | N/A | Lazurite, calcite, pyrite | Cabochon |
| Turquoise | Blue-green | 5–6 | Translucent | 1.61–1.65 | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Cabochon, bead |
Hardness on the Mohs scale is a crucial factor in determining a gemstone’s suitability for everyday wear. Topaz (8) is the hardest among these stones, making it ideal for rings and bracelets. Tanzanite (6–7) is softer, so it is best suited for pendants or earrings, where it is less likely to be subjected to impact or abrasion.
Zircon (6–7.5) is relatively durable, but its high refractive index gives it a sparkling appearance that is often compared to diamonds. Lapis lazuli (5–6) and turquoise (5–6) are softer and more porous, requiring gentler handling and care.
Symbolism and Cultural Significance
December’s birthstones have long been associated with symbolism and spiritual meaning, with different cultures attributing various powers and beliefs to each gemstone.
Zircon: The Stone of Eternal Fire
Zircon is often referred to as the “eternal gem”, symbolizing timelessness and clarity. In ancient times, it was believed to enhance wisdom and protect against negative energies. Zircon was also used in protective amulets and talismans, particularly in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Its brilliant fire and rainbow-like colors have made it a symbol of joy, renewal, and transformation.
Topaz: The Stone of Strength and Clarity
Topaz is associated with strength, courage, and clarity of mind. In ancient Greece, it was believed to increase strength and make the wearer invisible to enemies. It was also thought to ward off nightmares and bring good fortune. Blue topaz, in particular, is associated with calmness and serenity, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance and peace.
Tanzanite: The Stone of Transformation and Healing
Tanzanite is known for its healing and transformative properties. It is believed to enhance emotional healing, encourage self-expression, and promote spiritual growth. The gem is also associated with compassion and intuition, making it a popular choice for spiritual practitioners and healers.
Lapis Lazuli: The Stone of Wisdom and Royalty
Lapis lazuli has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and royalty. In ancient Egypt, it was worn by pharaohs and priests as a symbol of divine authority and spiritual enlightenment. The gem was also used in art and ceremonial objects, and it was believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge.
Turquoise: The Stone of Protection and Prosperity
Turquoise has been revered for its protective and healing properties for thousands of years. In Native American cultures, it was used in ceremonial jewelry and talismans, believed to bring good fortune and protect the wearer from harm. It was also thought to ensure health and prosperity, and in some cultures, it was believed that seeing a turquoise after the new moon would bring great wealth.
Care and Maintenance of December Birthstones
Proper care is essential to preserve the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has specific care requirements, based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to light and chemicals.
Zircon and Topaz: Resilient and Durable
Zircon and topaz are relatively hard and durable, making them suitable for everyday wear. They can be cleaned with mild soap, warm water, and a soft brush. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners on zircon, as some varieties may be heat-sensitive. Topaz is more resilient, but it should still be handled with care to avoid chipping or scratching.
Tanzanite: Delicate and Color-Sensitive
Tanzanite is softer and more sensitive to heat and light, so it should be stored in a cool, dark place when not in use. It is best cleaned with a damp cloth and avoided in harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, which can alter its color or damage the stone.
Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise: Porous and Fragile
Lapis lazuli and turquoise are porous and fragile, and they require gentle handling. They should be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth and avoided in water or harsh chemicals, which can damage the stone or strip its color. These stones should also be stored separately from harder gemstones, to prevent abrasion and scratching.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones are a remarkable collection of gems, each with its own unique color, history, and significance. From the ancient wisdom of lapis lazuli to the modern elegance of tanzanite, these stones offer a rich tapestry of meaning and beauty that spans thousands of years and cultures.
Whether you are drawn to the sparkling fire of zircon, the calm serenity of blue topaz, or the mystical allure of turquoise, December’s birthstones provide a vibrant and meaningful choice for jewelry and personal expression. Their diverse properties and cultural significance make them not only aesthetically pleasing, but also deeply symbolic, connecting wearers to history, tradition, and personal identity.
As with any fine gemstone, proper care and handling are essential to maintain their beauty and value. By understanding their geological properties, cultural meanings, and care requirements, you can fully appreciate the timeless appeal of December’s birthstones and make informed choices when selecting or wearing these extraordinary gems.