December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but four recognized birthstones: Tanzanite, Turquoise, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz. All four gemstones are celebrated for their beautiful shades of blue, though variations in hue and origin contribute to their individual characteristics and significance. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural meanings associated with these captivating December birthstones.
A Quartet of Color
The association of multiple gemstones with a single month is not uncommon, but December’s selection offers a particularly diverse range of options. From the relatively recent discovery of Tanzanite to the ancient origins of Turquoise, each stone carries a unique story. The common thread uniting them is their predominantly blue coloration, a hue often associated with winter, tranquility, and inspiration. The choice between these four stones ultimately comes down to personal preference, style, and desired symbolism.
History and Lore
The histories of these December birthstones vary dramatically in length and documentation. Turquoise, with a history stretching back millennia, stands in stark contrast to Tanzanite, a 20th-century discovery.
Turquoise’s history is deeply interwoven with ancient civilizations. As early as 5500 BCE, ancient Egyptians mined turquoise in the Sinai region, referring to it as “mefkat,” meaning “joy” and “delight.” The stone held significant religious and protective properties for the pharaohs and rulers of ancient Egypt. Chinese artisans also carved turquoise over 3,000 years ago. Throughout the 13th century, it was believed to protect wearers from falls, particularly from horses, and would even break into pieces to warn of impending disaster. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after a new moon would bring great wealth. The name “turquoise” itself originates from the French expression “pierre tourques,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting its passage through Turkey during trade routes. It was officially named as a December birthstone in 1912 by the American National Association of Jewelers.
Blue Zircon’s history is also rich, with its name potentially derived from the Arabic word “zarkun” (meaning cinnabar or vermilion) or the Persian word “zargun” (meaning gold colored). During the Middle Ages, zircon was believed to induce sleep and ward off evil spirits. In Hindu tradition, it alternates with hessonite garnet as one of the nine gems of the navaratna, believed to bestow wealth, wisdom, and good health upon the wearer. Victorian-era jewelry frequently featured blue zircon, particularly in English estate pieces from the 1880s.
Blue Topaz, while not detailed in the provided sources regarding its historical use, is mentioned as one of the popular choices for December birthstones.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s. Its relatively recent discovery means it lacks the extensive historical lore of Turquoise or Zircon, but its captivating color quickly gained it popularity.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological origins of these birthstones are as diverse as their histories. Turquoise is formed in relatively dry, arid regions, often in the vicinity of copper deposits. Its color is derived from the presence of copper, aluminum, zinc, and iron, with iron contributing to greenish hues and zinc causing yellowish tones. Notable sources include Iran, China, Mexico, the Middle East, Kazakhstan, and the United States of America.
Blue Zircon is found in a variety of geological settings, and its color variations are linked to trace elements within its crystal structure.
Blue Topaz’s origins are not detailed in the provided sources.
Tanzanite is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, making it a geographically unique gemstone.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties. Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, ranging in color from blue to green, often exhibiting unique matrix veining. Its Mohs hardness ranges from 5 to 6, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching. Treatments commonly applied to turquoise include waxing, dyeing, and stabilization.
Blue Zircon exhibits a broad color palette, including red, orange, yellow, brown, green, and blue. Colorless zircon is particularly known for its brilliance and “fire,” often mistaken for diamond.
Blue Topaz’s properties are not detailed in the provided sources.
Tanzanite, while not detailed in terms of specific properties, is noted for its blue to bluish-purple coloration. The sources recommend warm, soapy water for cleaning, and caution against ultrasonic and steam cleaners.
The following table summarizes the limited gemological data available from the sources:
| Gemstone | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency | Treatments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green, often with matrix veining | 5-6 | Opaque | Wax, Dye, Stabilization |
| Blue Zircon | Red, Orange, Yellow, Brown, Green, Blue | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified |
| Tanzanite | Blue to Bluish-Purple | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified |
| Blue Topaz | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified | Not Specified |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise is believed to dispel negative energy and provide protection against environmental pollutants. It is also thought to enhance intuition and release inhibitions.
Blue Zircon was believed to lull one into a deep sleep and ward off evil spirits. In Hindu tradition, it is associated with wealth, wisdom, and good health when worn as part of the navaratna.
The sources do not detail the symbolism or metaphysical beliefs associated with Blue Topaz or Tanzanite.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Turquoise, due to its relative softness, requires gentle handling and should be protected from scratches. Warm, soapy water is the recommended cleaning method for Tanzanite, with a strict avoidance of ultrasonic and steam cleaners. The sources do not provide specific care instructions for Blue Zircon or Blue Topaz.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Tanzanite, Turquoise, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz – represent a captivating array of colors, histories, and meanings. From the ancient protective powers of Turquoise to the modern allure of Tanzanite, each stone offers a unique connection to the month of December. Their versatility allows them to be incorporated into a wide range of jewelry styles, making them meaningful gifts or personal treasures. The choice of which December birthstone to embrace is a personal one, reflecting individual preferences and a connection to the rich symbolism and enduring beauty of these remarkable gemstones.