December is unique among the months, boasting not one, but several recognized birthstones: Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Zircon, alongside Blue Topaz. These gemstones, each with its own distinct history, geological origins, and aesthetic qualities, offer a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year. All share a common thread of beautiful blue hues, reflecting the cool tones of the winter season. This article will delve into the characteristics of these December birthstones, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
History and Lore
The history of December’s birthstones is a tapestry woven from ancient traditions and more recent discoveries. Turquoise, arguably the most historically significant of the three, has been cherished for millennia. Evidence suggests its use dates back as far as 5000 BCE, with beads discovered in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). Ancient Egyptians mined turquoise in the Sinai region around 5500 BCE, incorporating it into religious and cultural artifacts, and referred to it as “mefkat,” meaning “joy” and “delight.” Chinese artisans were also early adopters, carving the stone over 3,000 years ago.
Throughout history, turquoise was believed to possess protective powers. From the 13th century onward, it was thought to safeguard against falls, particularly from horses, and even to warn of impending disaster by breaking into pieces. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after a new moon would bring great wealth. The name “turquoise” itself is relatively recent, originating in the 13th century from the French “pierre tourques,” meaning “Turkish stone,” as the gem entered Europe through Turkish trade routes. The most highly prized turquoise historically came from Persia (modern-day Iran), known as “Persian blue,” a designation still used even for stones found elsewhere.
Zircon’s history is equally intriguing, though its etymology is debated. Some scholars believe the name derives from the Arabic “zarkun,” meaning “cinnabar” or “vermilion,” while others suggest the Persian “zargun,” meaning “gold colored.” This ambiguity reflects the wide range of colors found in zircon, including red, orange, yellow, brown, green, and blue. During the Middle Ages, zircon was believed to induce sleep and ward off evil spirits. In Hindu tradition, it alternates with hessonite garnet as one of the nine gems of the navaratna, believed to bestow wealth, wisdom, and good health upon the wearer. Victorian-era jewelers favored blue zircon, and fine specimens can be found in antique English jewelry from the 1880s.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered relatively recently in Tanzania. Its history is therefore less extensive than that of turquoise or zircon, but its rapid rise in popularity speaks to its captivating beauty.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is formed in dry, barren regions where copper-rich groundwater interacts with minerals containing phosphorus and aluminum. This process creates the characteristic blue-to-green hues of the gemstone, with iron contributing to greenish shades and zinc causing yellowish tones. Significant sources of turquoise include Iran, China, Mexico, the Middle East, Kazakhstan, and the United States of America.
Zircon is found in a variety of geological settings, and its color depends on trace elements present during its formation. The gem’s broad color palette reflects this diverse origin.
While the sources for Tanzanite are not detailed in the provided materials, it is noted as a more recent discovery.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem with a Mohs hardness of 5-6, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching. Its color can change over time due to absorption of body oils and moisture. Treatments commonly applied to turquoise include waxing, dyeing, and stabilization.
Zircon exhibits a wide range of colors, and colorless zircon is particularly prized for its brilliance and “fire” – the flashes of multicolored light it displays. This brilliance has often led to confusion with diamond.
The provided materials do not detail the gemological properties of Tanzanite.
The following table summarizes the key properties of Turquoise:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5 - 6 |
| Transparency | Semi-translucent to opaque |
| Color | Blue to Green |
| Common Treatments | Wax, Dye, Stabilization |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been associated with good fortune, health, and protection. Ancient Egyptians believed it brought joy and delight, while other cultures saw it as a safeguard against harm.
Zircon was thought to promote restful sleep and ward off evil spirits in medieval times. In Hindu tradition, it is considered a powerful gem that contributes to wealth, wisdom, and well-being when combined with other navaratna gems.
The provided materials do not detail the symbolism or metaphysical beliefs associated with Tanzanite.
Care and Cleaning
Turquoise, due to its porosity and relative softness, requires gentle care. Frequent wear close to the skin can cause its color to deteriorate. Warm, soapy water is the recommended cleaning method; ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided.
The provided materials do not offer specific care instructions for Zircon or Tanzanite, but suggest warm, soapy water is best for cleaning Tanzanite and that ultrasonic and steam cleaners should not be used.
December Birthstone Variations
The provided materials highlight the multiple birthstone options for December, noting that Blue Topaz and Blue Zircon are also recognized alongside Turquoise and Tanzanite. A list provided details a rotating birthstone for each day of the month, alternating between Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Zircon. This demonstrates the breadth of choice available to those born in December.
Affordability and Accessibility
December’s birthstones are noted for their relative affordability compared to other precious gemstones, making them accessible to a wider range of budgets. This allows individuals to choose a beautiful and meaningful gem without significant financial strain.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Zircon – represent a fascinating blend of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the more recent discovery of tanzanite, and the long-held beliefs surrounding zircon, these gems offer a diverse and captivating selection for those born in the twelfth month. Their beautiful blue hues and relative affordability make them a cherished choice for jewelry and a meaningful connection to one’s birth month.