Peridot, the captivating birthstone of August, has been prized for its beauty and believed powers for millennia. Revered by ancient civilizations and adorning royal collections, this gem boasts a unique history and a distinctive olive-green hue. While often mistaken for emeralds throughout much of history, peridot possesses characteristics all its own, making it a fascinating subject for gem enthusiasts and a meaningful stone for those born in August. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable gemstone, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is interwoven with tales of ancient Egypt, where it was known as the “gem of the sun.” Sources suggest that the peridot stones adorning Cleopatra’s jewelry may, in fact, have been peridots rather than emeralds. This association with the sun likely stemmed from the gem’s vibrant green color, reminiscent of sunlight filtering through olive groves. Ancient Egyptians valued peridot for its perceived protective qualities and believed it possessed healing properties, offering good health and warding off anxiety.
The gem’s history extends beyond Egypt. Romans referred to peridot as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to maintain its vibrant color even in low light conditions. Medieval shrines were often adorned with peridot, highlighting its religious significance. Remarkably, peridot has even been discovered in pallasite meteorites, some estimated to be between four and five billion years old, originating from the earliest days of our solar system. Further evidence of its extraterrestrial origins was found in 2005 with the discovery of peridot in comet dust returned by the Stardust robotic space probe. The stone is also traditionally associated with the 15th wedding anniversary, symbolizing prosperity and strengthening life. A notable example of its historical use can be found in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, where large gemstones previously thought to be emeralds have been identified as peridots, adorning the shrine of the Three Holy Kings.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, formed deep within the Earth’s mantle. Volcanic activity brings these stones to the surface, where they can be mined. While peridot can be found in various locations, certain regions are particularly renowned for their deposits. Historically, peridot was sourced from the islands of the Red Sea, as well as Burma (Myanmar), Norway, and Arizona. A significant discovery of high-quality peridot occurred in Pakistan in the early 1990s, adding a new source of these lustrous stones. Other mining locations include Hawaii and various areas of Burma.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its distinctive olive-green color, though shades can range from yellowish-green to deep, dark olive, and even brownish hues. Unlike many gemstones that exhibit a wide spectrum of colors, peridot is consistently found within the green range. Interestingly, it is not as light-dependent as blue or red gemstones, maintaining its color consistently in different lighting conditions.
Gemologically, peridot exhibits extremely high double refraction, meaning that when viewed closely through the gemstone, two of each pavilion facet can be observed. This optical property is a key characteristic for gemologists identifying peridot. On the Mohs hardness scale, peridot registers between 6.5 and 7, making it moderately durable but susceptible to scratching and damage from harder materials. Its chemical composition is based on olivine.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Color | Olive Green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Refraction | High Double |
| Luster | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ancient Egyptians believed it possessed protective powers and promoted good health and wealth. Legends claim that peridot fosters happiness and boosts self-esteem. More broadly, the gem is thought to increase prosperity, growth, and openness. While these beliefs are rooted in folklore and tradition, they contribute to the enduring appeal of peridot.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials and should be stored separately from diamonds and other abrasive gemstones. Cleaning peridot is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Regular cleaning will help maintain its brilliance and luster.
Peridot vs. Other Gemstones
Peridot is often compared to emeralds due to their similar green coloration. However, peridot typically exhibits a yellowish overtone not found in emeralds. Furthermore, peridot’s olive-green hue is unique and readily distinguishable with a trained eye. While some sources mention similarities to fancy vivid yellowish-green diamonds, peridot remains a distinct and more accessible gemstone. August also boasts two other birthstones, spinel and sardonyx. Spinel is harder than peridot, registering an 8 on the Mohs scale, and comes in a variety of colors. Sardonyx, a type of onyx, is reddish-brown with white banding and has a more earthy, rustic appearance compared to the crystal-like look of peridot.
Conclusion
Peridot, the “gem of the sun,” stands as a testament to the enduring beauty and mystique of gemstones. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern status as the birthstone of August, peridot has captivated cultures for millennia. Its unique olive-green hue, coupled with its fascinating geological formation and rich symbolism, makes it a truly remarkable gem. Whether admired for its aesthetic appeal or cherished for its perceived metaphysical properties, peridot continues to hold a special place in the world of gemstones.